Drift at different depths

from datetime import datetime, timedelta
import numpy as np
from opendrift.models.oceandrift import OceanDrift

o = OceanDrift(loglevel=20)  # Set loglevel to 0 for debug information

18:16:15 INFO    opendrift:576: OpenDriftSimulation initialised (version 1.14.9 / v1.14.9-1-g9eceedb)

Using live data from Thredds

o.add_readers_from_list([
    'https://thredds.met.no/thredds/dodsC/fou-hi/norkystv3_800m_m00_be'])

Adding some diffusion

o.set_config('environment:constant:horizontal_diffusivity', 10)  # m2/s

Seed 1000 elements at random depths

z = -np.random.rand(2000)*50
o.seed_elements(lon=4.8, lat=60.0, z=z, radius=0, number=2000,
                time=datetime.now())

print(o)

18:16:15 INFO    opendrift.models.basemodel.environment:203: Adding a global landmask from GSHHG
18:16:19 INFO    opendrift.models.basemodel.environment:227: Fallback values will be used for the following variables which have no readers:
18:16:19 INFO    opendrift.models.basemodel.environment:230:    x_sea_water_velocity: 0.000000
18:16:19 INFO    opendrift.models.basemodel.environment:230:    y_sea_water_velocity: 0.000000
18:16:19 INFO    opendrift.models.basemodel.environment:230:    sea_surface_height: 0.000000
18:16:19 INFO    opendrift.models.basemodel.environment:230:    x_wind: 0.000000
18:16:19 INFO    opendrift.models.basemodel.environment:230:    y_wind: 0.000000
18:16:19 INFO    opendrift.models.basemodel.environment:230:    upward_sea_water_velocity: 0.000000
18:16:19 INFO    opendrift.models.basemodel.environment:230:    ocean_vertical_diffusivity: 0.000000
18:16:19 INFO    opendrift.models.basemodel.environment:230:    sea_surface_wave_significant_height: 0.000000
18:16:19 INFO    opendrift.models.basemodel.environment:230:    sea_surface_wave_stokes_drift_x_velocity: 0.000000
18:16:19 INFO    opendrift.models.basemodel.environment:230:    sea_surface_wave_stokes_drift_y_velocity: 0.000000
18:16:19 INFO    opendrift.models.basemodel.environment:230:    ocean_mixed_layer_thickness: 50.000000
18:16:19 INFO    opendrift.models.basemodel.environment:230:    sea_floor_depth_below_sea_level: 10000.000000
===========================
Model:  OceanDrift     (OpenDrift version 1.14.9)
        0 active Lagrangian3DArray particles  (0 deactivated, 2000 scheduled)
-------------------
Environment variables:
  -----
  horizontal_diffusivity
     1) constant_reader
  -----
  land_binary_mask
     1) global_landmask
  -----
Readers not added for the following variables:
  ocean_mixed_layer_thickness
  ocean_vertical_diffusivity
  sea_floor_depth_below_sea_level
  sea_surface_height
  sea_surface_wave_significant_height
  sea_surface_wave_stokes_drift_x_velocity
  sea_surface_wave_stokes_drift_y_velocity
  upward_sea_water_velocity
  x_sea_water_velocity
  x_wind
  y_sea_water_velocity
  y_wind
---
Lazy readers:
  LazyReader: https://thredds.met.no/thredds/dodsC/fou-hi/norkystv3_800m_m00_be

Discarded readers:
===========================

Running model

o.run(duration=timedelta(hours=24), time_step=1800)

18:16:19 INFO    opendrift:1836: Skipping environment variable ocean_vertical_diffusivity because of condition ['drift:vertical_mixing', 'is', False]
18:16:19 INFO    opendrift:1836: Skipping environment variable ocean_mixed_layer_thickness because of condition ['drift:vertical_mixing', 'is', False]
18:16:19 INFO    opendrift:1847: Storing previous values of element property lon because of condition (('general:coastline_action', 'in', ['stranding', 'previous']), 'or', ('general:seafloor_action', 'in', ['previous']))
18:16:19 INFO    opendrift:1847: Storing previous values of element property lat because of condition (('general:coastline_action', 'in', ['stranding', 'previous']), 'or', ('general:seafloor_action', 'in', ['previous']))
18:16:19 INFO    opendrift:1855: Storing previous values of environment variable sea_surface_height because of condition ['drift:vertical_advection', 'is', True]
18:16:19 INFO    opendrift:955: Using existing reader for land_binary_mask to move elements to ocean
18:16:19 INFO    opendrift:986: All points are in ocean
18:16:19 INFO    opendrift:2144: 2026-03-18 18:16:15.427627 - step 1 of 48 - 2000 active elements (0 deactivated)
18:16:19 INFO    opendrift.readers:64: Opening file with xr.open_dataset
18:16:20 INFO    opendrift.readers.reader_netCDF_CF_generic:340: Detected dimensions: {'x': 'X', 'y': 'Y', 'z': 'depth', 'time': 'time'}
18:16:20 INFO    opendrift.readers.basereader:178: Variable x_sea_water_velocity will be rotated from eastward_sea_water_velocity
18:16:20 INFO    opendrift.readers.basereader:178: Variable y_sea_water_velocity will be rotated from northward_sea_water_velocity
18:16:20 INFO    opendrift.readers.basereader:178: Variable x_wind will be rotated from eastward_wind
18:16:20 INFO    opendrift.readers.basereader:178: Variable y_wind will be rotated from northward_wind
18:16:22 INFO    opendrift:2144: 2026-03-18 18:46:15.427627 - step 2 of 48 - 2000 active elements (0 deactivated)
18:16:22 INFO    opendrift:2144: 2026-03-18 19:16:15.427627 - step 3 of 48 - 2000 active elements (0 deactivated)
18:16:23 INFO    opendrift:2144: 2026-03-18 19:46:15.427627 - step 4 of 48 - 2000 active elements (0 deactivated)
18:16:23 INFO    opendrift:2144: 2026-03-18 20:16:15.427627 - step 5 of 48 - 2000 active elements (0 deactivated)
18:16:24 INFO    opendrift:2144: 2026-03-18 20:46:15.427627 - step 6 of 48 - 2000 active elements (0 deactivated)
18:16:24 INFO    opendrift:2144: 2026-03-18 21:16:15.427627 - step 7 of 48 - 2000 active elements (0 deactivated)
18:16:25 INFO    opendrift:2144: 2026-03-18 21:46:15.427627 - step 8 of 48 - 2000 active elements (0 deactivated)
18:16:26 INFO    opendrift:2144: 2026-03-18 22:16:15.427627 - step 9 of 48 - 2000 active elements (0 deactivated)
18:16:27 INFO    opendrift:2144: 2026-03-18 22:46:15.427627 - step 10 of 48 - 2000 active elements (0 deactivated)
18:16:27 INFO    opendrift:2144: 2026-03-18 23:16:15.427627 - step 11 of 48 - 2000 active elements (0 deactivated)
18:16:28 INFO    opendrift:2144: 2026-03-18 23:46:15.427627 - step 12 of 48 - 2000 active elements (0 deactivated)
18:16:28 INFO    opendrift:2144: 2026-03-19 00:16:15.427627 - step 13 of 48 - 2000 active elements (0 deactivated)
18:16:29 INFO    opendrift:2144: 2026-03-19 00:46:15.427627 - step 14 of 48 - 2000 active elements (0 deactivated)
18:16:29 INFO    opendrift:2144: 2026-03-19 01:16:15.427627 - step 15 of 48 - 2000 active elements (0 deactivated)
18:16:31 INFO    opendrift:2144: 2026-03-19 01:46:15.427627 - step 16 of 48 - 2000 active elements (0 deactivated)
18:16:31 INFO    opendrift:2144: 2026-03-19 02:16:15.427627 - step 17 of 48 - 2000 active elements (0 deactivated)
18:16:32 INFO    opendrift:2144: 2026-03-19 02:46:15.427627 - step 18 of 48 - 2000 active elements (0 deactivated)
18:16:32 INFO    opendrift:2144: 2026-03-19 03:16:15.427627 - step 19 of 48 - 2000 active elements (0 deactivated)
18:16:34 INFO    opendrift:2144: 2026-03-19 03:46:15.427627 - step 20 of 48 - 2000 active elements (0 deactivated)
18:16:34 INFO    opendrift:2144: 2026-03-19 04:16:15.427627 - step 21 of 48 - 2000 active elements (0 deactivated)
18:16:35 INFO    opendrift:2144: 2026-03-19 04:46:15.427627 - step 22 of 48 - 2000 active elements (0 deactivated)
18:16:35 INFO    opendrift:2144: 2026-03-19 05:16:15.427627 - step 23 of 48 - 2000 active elements (0 deactivated)
18:16:36 INFO    opendrift:2144: 2026-03-19 05:46:15.427627 - step 24 of 48 - 2000 active elements (0 deactivated)
18:16:36 INFO    opendrift:2144: 2026-03-19 06:16:15.427627 - step 25 of 48 - 2000 active elements (0 deactivated)
18:16:39 INFO    opendrift:2144: 2026-03-19 06:46:15.427627 - step 26 of 48 - 2000 active elements (0 deactivated)
18:16:39 INFO    opendrift:2144: 2026-03-19 07:16:15.427627 - step 27 of 48 - 2000 active elements (0 deactivated)
18:16:42 INFO    opendrift:2144: 2026-03-19 07:46:15.427627 - step 28 of 48 - 2000 active elements (0 deactivated)
18:16:42 INFO    opendrift:2144: 2026-03-19 08:16:15.427627 - step 29 of 48 - 2000 active elements (0 deactivated)
18:16:45 INFO    opendrift:2144: 2026-03-19 08:46:15.427627 - step 30 of 48 - 2000 active elements (0 deactivated)
18:16:45 INFO    opendrift:2144: 2026-03-19 09:16:15.427627 - step 31 of 48 - 2000 active elements (0 deactivated)
18:16:48 INFO    opendrift:2144: 2026-03-19 09:46:15.427627 - step 32 of 48 - 2000 active elements (0 deactivated)
18:16:48 INFO    opendrift:2144: 2026-03-19 10:16:15.427627 - step 33 of 48 - 2000 active elements (0 deactivated)
18:16:50 INFO    opendrift:2144: 2026-03-19 10:46:15.427627 - step 34 of 48 - 2000 active elements (0 deactivated)
18:16:50 INFO    opendrift:2144: 2026-03-19 11:16:15.427627 - step 35 of 48 - 2000 active elements (0 deactivated)
18:16:53 INFO    opendrift:2144: 2026-03-19 11:46:15.427627 - step 36 of 48 - 2000 active elements (0 deactivated)
18:16:53 INFO    opendrift:2144: 2026-03-19 12:16:15.427627 - step 37 of 48 - 2000 active elements (0 deactivated)
18:16:56 INFO    opendrift:2144: 2026-03-19 12:46:15.427627 - step 38 of 48 - 2000 active elements (0 deactivated)
18:16:56 INFO    opendrift:2144: 2026-03-19 13:16:15.427627 - step 39 of 48 - 2000 active elements (0 deactivated)
18:16:58 INFO    opendrift:2144: 2026-03-19 13:46:15.427627 - step 40 of 48 - 2000 active elements (0 deactivated)
18:16:58 INFO    opendrift:2144: 2026-03-19 14:16:15.427627 - step 41 of 48 - 2000 active elements (0 deactivated)
18:17:01 INFO    opendrift:2144: 2026-03-19 14:46:15.427627 - step 42 of 48 - 2000 active elements (0 deactivated)
18:17:01 INFO    opendrift:2144: 2026-03-19 15:16:15.427627 - step 43 of 48 - 2000 active elements (0 deactivated)
18:17:04 INFO    opendrift:2144: 2026-03-19 15:46:15.427627 - step 44 of 48 - 2000 active elements (0 deactivated)
18:17:04 INFO    opendrift:2144: 2026-03-19 16:16:15.427627 - step 45 of 48 - 2000 active elements (0 deactivated)
18:17:07 INFO    opendrift:2144: 2026-03-19 16:46:15.427627 - step 46 of 48 - 2000 active elements (0 deactivated)
18:17:08 INFO    opendrift:2144: 2026-03-19 17:16:15.427627 - step 47 of 48 - 2000 active elements (0 deactivated)
18:17:13 INFO    opendrift:2144: 2026-03-19 17:46:15.427627 - step 48 of 48 - 1999 active elements (1 deactivated)

<xarray.Dataset> Size: 9MB
Dimensions:                                   (trajectory: 2000, time: 49)
Coordinates:
  * trajectory                                (trajectory) int64 16kB 0 ... 1999
  * time                                      (time) datetime64[ns] 392B 2026...
Data variables: (12/22)
    status                                    (trajectory, time) float32 392kB ...
    moving                                    (trajectory, time) float32 392kB ...
    age_seconds                               (trajectory, time) float32 392kB ...
    origin_marker                             (trajectory, time) float32 392kB ...
    lon                                       (trajectory, time) float32 392kB ...
    lat                                       (trajectory, time) float32 392kB ...
    ...                                        ...
    horizontal_diffusivity                    (trajectory, time) float32 392kB ...
    sea_surface_wave_significant_height       (trajectory, time) float32 392kB ...
    sea_surface_wave_stokes_drift_x_velocity  (trajectory, time) float32 392kB ...
    sea_surface_wave_stokes_drift_y_velocity  (trajectory, time) float32 392kB ...
    sea_floor_depth_below_sea_level           (trajectory, time) float32 392kB ...
    land_binary_mask                          (trajectory, time) float32 392kB ...
Attributes: (12/122)
    Conventions:                                                           CF...
    standard_name_vocabulary:                                              CF...
    featureType:                                                           tr...
    title:                                                                 Op...
    summary:                                                               Ou...
    keywords:                                                              tr...
    ...                                                                    ...
    geospatial_lon_units:                                                  de...
    geospatial_lon_resolution:                                             point
    runtime:                                                               0:...
    geospatial_vertical_min:                                               -7...
    geospatial_vertical_max:                                               0.0
    geospatial_vertical_positive:                                          up

xarray.Dataset

• Dimensions:
  • trajectory: 2000
  • time: 49
• Coordinates: (2)
  • trajectory
    (trajectory)
    int64
    0 1 2 3 4 ... 1996 1997 1998 1999

    cf_role :

    trajectory_id

    dtype :

    <class 'numpy.int32'>

    array([   0,    1,    2, ..., 1997, 1998, 1999], shape=(2000,))

  • time
    (time)
    datetime64[ns]
    2026-03-18T18:16:15.427627 ... 2...

    standard_name :

    time

    long_name :

    time

    dtype :

    <class 'numpy.float64'>

    array(['2026-03-18T18:16:15.427627000', '2026-03-18T18:46:15.427627000',
           '2026-03-18T19:16:15.427627000', '2026-03-18T19:46:15.427627000',
           '2026-03-18T20:16:15.427627000', '2026-03-18T20:46:15.427627000',
           '2026-03-18T21:16:15.427627000', '2026-03-18T21:46:15.427627000',
           '2026-03-18T22:16:15.427627000', '2026-03-18T22:46:15.427627000',
           '2026-03-18T23:16:15.427627000', '2026-03-18T23:46:15.427627000',
           '2026-03-19T00:16:15.427627000', '2026-03-19T00:46:15.427627000',
           '2026-03-19T01:16:15.427627000', '2026-03-19T01:46:15.427627000',
           '2026-03-19T02:16:15.427627000', '2026-03-19T02:46:15.427627000',
           '2026-03-19T03:16:15.427627000', '2026-03-19T03:46:15.427627000',
           '2026-03-19T04:16:15.427627000', '2026-03-19T04:46:15.427627000',
           '2026-03-19T05:16:15.427627000', '2026-03-19T05:46:15.427627000',
           '2026-03-19T06:16:15.427627000', '2026-03-19T06:46:15.427627000',
           '2026-03-19T07:16:15.427627000', '2026-03-19T07:46:15.427627000',
           '2026-03-19T08:16:15.427627000', '2026-03-19T08:46:15.427627000',
           '2026-03-19T09:16:15.427627000', '2026-03-19T09:46:15.427627000',
           '2026-03-19T10:16:15.427627000', '2026-03-19T10:46:15.427627000',
           '2026-03-19T11:16:15.427627000', '2026-03-19T11:46:15.427627000',
           '2026-03-19T12:16:15.427627000', '2026-03-19T12:46:15.427627000',
           '2026-03-19T13:16:15.427627000', '2026-03-19T13:46:15.427627000',
           '2026-03-19T14:16:15.427627000', '2026-03-19T14:46:15.427627000',
           '2026-03-19T15:16:15.427627000', '2026-03-19T15:46:15.427627000',
           '2026-03-19T16:16:15.427627000', '2026-03-19T16:46:15.427627000',
           '2026-03-19T17:16:15.427627000', '2026-03-19T17:46:15.427627000',
           '2026-03-19T18:16:15.427627000'], dtype='datetime64[ns]')

• Data variables: (22)
  • status
    (trajectory, time)
    float32
    0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ... 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

    dtype :

    <class 'numpy.int32'>

    valid_range :

    [0 1]

    flag_values :

    [0 1]

    flag_meanings :

    active stranded

    array([[0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
           [0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
           [0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
           ...,
           [0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
           [0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
           [0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.]], shape=(2000, 49), dtype=float32)

  • moving
    (trajectory, time)
    float32
    1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 ... 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

    dtype :

    <class 'numpy.int32'>

    minval :

    0

    maxval :

    1

    array([[1., 1., 1., ..., 1., 1., 1.],
           [1., 1., 1., ..., 1., 1., 1.],
           [1., 1., 1., ..., 1., 1., 1.],
           ...,
           [1., 1., 1., ..., 1., 1., 1.],
           [1., 1., 1., ..., 1., 1., 1.],
           [1., 1., 1., ..., 1., 1., 1.]], shape=(2000, 49), dtype=float32)

  • age_seconds
    (trajectory, time)
    float32
    0.0 1.8e+03 ... 8.46e+04 8.64e+04

    dtype :

    <class 'numpy.float32'>

    units :

    s

    minval :

    0.0

    maxval :

    86400.0

    array([[    0.,  1800.,  3600., ..., 82800., 84600., 86400.],
           [    0.,  1800.,  3600., ..., 82800., 84600., 86400.],
           [    0.,  1800.,  3600., ..., 82800., 84600., 86400.],
           ...,
           [    0.,  1800.,  3600., ..., 82800., 84600., 86400.],
           [    0.,  1800.,  3600., ..., 82800., 84600., 86400.],
           [    0.,  1800.,  3600., ..., 82800., 84600., 86400.]],
          shape=(2000, 49), dtype=float32)

  • origin_marker
    (trajectory, time)
    float32
    0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ... 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

    dtype :

    <class 'numpy.int32'>

    unit :

    description :

    An integer kept constant during the simulation. Different values may be used for different seedings, to separate elements during analysis. With GUI, only a single seeding is possible.

    flag_values :

    [0]

    flag_meanings :

    Seed_0

    minval :

    0

    maxval :

    0

    array([[0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
           [0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
           [0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
           ...,
           [0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
           [0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
           [0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.]], shape=(2000, 49), dtype=float32)

  • lon
    (trajectory, time)
    float32
    4.8 4.802 4.804 ... 4.81 4.811

    dtype :

    <class 'numpy.float32'>

    units :

    degrees_east

    standard_name :

    longitude

    long_name :

    longitude

    axis :

    X

    minval :

    4.5036883

    maxval :

    4.8989916

    array([[4.8      , 4.8022423, 4.8040843, ..., 4.7984548, 4.7942724,
            4.7953696],
           [4.8      , 4.8069663, 4.8071637, ..., 4.815089 , 4.814002 ,
            4.81661  ],
           [4.8      , 4.796878 , 4.805239 , ..., 4.766862 , 4.7695866,
            4.772089 ],
           ...,
           [4.8      , 4.804985 , 4.8078403, ..., 4.7648096, 4.761095 ,
            4.75882  ],
           [4.8      , 4.796262 , 4.794601 , ..., 4.8012733, 4.8084326,
            4.805696 ],
           [4.8      , 4.8052335, 4.8072433, ..., 4.8125906, 4.8103614,
            4.8110585]], shape=(2000, 49), dtype=float32)

  • lat
    (trajectory, time)
    float32
    60.0 60.0 60.01 ... 60.22 60.23

    dtype :

    <class 'numpy.float32'>

    units :

    degrees_north

    standard_name :

    latitude

    long_name :

    latitude

    axis :

    Y

    minval :

    59.997673

    maxval :

    60.738358

    array([[60.      , 60.0041  , 60.0051  , ..., 60.26016 , 60.27019 ,
            60.28069 ],
           [60.      , 60.007725, 60.01572 , ..., 60.216286, 60.222065,
            60.22655 ],
           [60.      , 60.006172, 60.010002, ..., 60.237957, 60.2435  ,
            60.250698],
           ...,
           [60.      , 60.002148, 60.00636 , ..., 60.39717 , 60.406197,
            60.41753 ],
           [60.      , 60.00413 , 60.011543, ..., 60.246674, 60.25594 ,
            60.264317],
           [60.      , 60.001633, 60.008022, ..., 60.21392 , 60.22015 ,
            60.227997]], shape=(2000, 49), dtype=float32)

  • z
    (trajectory, time)
    float32
    -27.44 -26.86 ... -38.22 -39.55

    dtype :

    <class 'numpy.float32'>

    units :

    m

    standard_name :

    z

    long_name :

    vertical position

    axis :

    Z

    positive :

    up

    minval :

    -76.36457

    maxval :

    0.0

    array([[-27.440676, -26.861021, -27.247955, ..., -35.250717, -35.98647 ,
            -36.3143  ],
           [-35.759468, -34.97208 , -35.938282, ..., -43.01568 , -43.7656  ,
            -44.98455 ],
           [-30.138168, -29.491154, -29.336359, ..., -29.260015, -28.9429  ,
            -28.706125],
           ...,
           [-24.00539 , -23.501347, -24.110176, ..., -45.67937 , -48.385765,
            -49.44814 ],
           [-32.193203, -31.494871, -31.35252 , ..., -40.37198 , -40.909973,
            -40.99942 ],
           [-25.088657, -24.567738, -25.230165, ..., -37.36169 , -38.216824,
            -39.5509  ]], shape=(2000, 49), dtype=float32)

  • wind_drift_factor
    (trajectory, time)
    float32
    0.02 0.02 0.02 ... 0.02 0.02 0.02

    dtype :

    <class 'numpy.float32'>

    units :

    1

    description :

    Elements at surface are moved with this fraction of the vind vector, in addition to currents and Stokes drift

    minval :

    0.02

    maxval :

    0.02

    array([[0.02, 0.02, 0.02, ..., 0.02, 0.02, 0.02],
           [0.02, 0.02, 0.02, ..., 0.02, 0.02, 0.02],
           [0.02, 0.02, 0.02, ..., 0.02, 0.02, 0.02],
           ...,
           [0.02, 0.02, 0.02, ..., 0.02, 0.02, 0.02],
           [0.02, 0.02, 0.02, ..., 0.02, 0.02, 0.02],
           [0.02, 0.02, 0.02, ..., 0.02, 0.02, 0.02]],
          shape=(2000, 49), dtype=float32)

  • current_drift_factor
    (trajectory, time)
    float32
    1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 ... 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

    dtype :

    <class 'numpy.float32'>

    units :

    1

    description :

    Elements are moved with this fraction of the current vector, in addition to currents and Stokes drift

    minval :

    1.0

    maxval :

    1.0

    array([[1., 1., 1., ..., 1., 1., 1.],
           [1., 1., 1., ..., 1., 1., 1.],
           [1., 1., 1., ..., 1., 1., 1.],
           ...,
           [1., 1., 1., ..., 1., 1., 1.],
           [1., 1., 1., ..., 1., 1., 1.],
           [1., 1., 1., ..., 1., 1., 1.]], shape=(2000, 49), dtype=float32)

  • terminal_velocity
    (trajectory, time)
    float32
    0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ... 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

    dtype :

    <class 'numpy.float32'>

    units :

    m/s

    description :

    Terminal rise/sinking velocity (buoyancy) in the ocean column

    minval :

    0.0

    maxval :

    0.0

    array([[0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
           [0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
           [0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
           ...,
           [0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
           [0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
           [0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.]], shape=(2000, 49), dtype=float32)

  • x_sea_water_velocity
    (trajectory, time)
    float32
    0.08057 0.06562 ... -0.03534

    minval :

    -0.4747735

    maxval :

    0.31931123

    array([[ 0.08056536,  0.06562154,  0.04141593, ..., -0.08107089,
            -0.0873179 , -0.0873179 ],
           [ 0.07177229,  0.06140618,  0.04390788, ..., -0.03481188,
            -0.04443835, -0.04443835],
           [ 0.07771408,  0.06535742,  0.04223385, ...,  0.01085476,
            -0.00016324, -0.00016324],
           ...,
           [ 0.08663677,  0.06862909,  0.04021076, ..., -0.12352917,
            -0.10623698, -0.10623698],
           [ 0.07554188,  0.06504393,  0.04611658, ..., -0.05904612,
            -0.1028436 , -0.1028436 ],
           [ 0.08305148,  0.06498618,  0.03891176, ..., -0.0284883 ,
            -0.0353353 , -0.0353353 ]], shape=(2000, 49), dtype=float32)

  • y_sea_water_velocity
    (trajectory, time)
    float32
    0.2222 0.2161 ... 0.4433 0.4433

    minval :

    0.048352588

    maxval :

    1.3921525

    array([[0.22216526, 0.21605332, 0.21088846, ..., 0.5848145 , 0.5972779 ,
            0.5972779 ],
           [0.2557206 , 0.25162834, 0.25129294, ..., 0.39610174, 0.41374257,
            0.41374257],
           [0.23304607, 0.22636716, 0.22015195, ..., 0.3626567 , 0.3744913 ,
            0.3744913 ],
           ...,
           [0.21109535, 0.20619968, 0.20080754, ..., 0.7450994 , 0.7348728 ,
            0.7348728 ],
           [0.24133542, 0.23412633, 0.22895929, ..., 0.47012123, 0.5511335 ,
            0.5511335 ],
           [0.21267799, 0.20799339, 0.20307374, ..., 0.43568042, 0.44329682,
            0.44329682]], shape=(2000, 49), dtype=float32)

  • sea_surface_height
    (trajectory, time)
    float32
    -0.5334 -0.4299 ... -0.7292 -0.7292

    minval :

    -1.021184

    maxval :

    0.19905666

    array([[-0.5333981 , -0.42991596, -0.32604188, ..., -0.81415474,
            -0.73019457, -0.73019457],
           [-0.5333981 , -0.42907026, -0.3254898 , ..., -0.8107802 ,
            -0.7257265 , -0.7257265 ],
           [-0.5333981 , -0.43111467, -0.32600254, ..., -0.8375156 ,
            -0.752087  , -0.752087  ],
           ...,
           [-0.5333981 , -0.42902523, -0.32503656, ..., -0.8151047 ,
            -0.72595155, -0.72595155],
           [-0.5333981 , -0.43114865, -0.3279549 , ..., -0.8161876 ,
            -0.72299   , -0.72299   ],
           [-0.5333981 , -0.42890745, -0.32527608, ..., -0.81278384,
            -0.7291614 , -0.7291614 ]], shape=(2000, 49), dtype=float32)

  • x_wind
    (trajectory, time)
    float32
    -0.3606 -0.7831 ... 4.046 4.046

    minval :

    -1.5528471

    maxval :

    5.0613317

    array([[-0.36061937, -0.78312016, -1.1413513 , ...,  4.148788  ,
             4.2884445 ,  4.2884445 ],
           [-0.36061937, -0.86637855, -1.1875799 , ...,  3.9726233 ,
             4.0343366 ,  4.0343366 ],
           [-0.36061937, -0.7182116 , -1.1588212 , ...,  4.364609  ,
             4.3446994 ,  4.3446994 ],
           ...,
           [-0.36061937, -0.81283474, -1.1841211 , ...,  4.1326313 ,
             4.001043  ,  4.001043  ],
           [-0.36061937, -0.6977602 , -1.0498395 , ...,  4.133743  ,
             4.215723  ,  4.215723  ],
           [-0.36061937, -0.8139824 , -1.1791081 , ...,  3.9919772 ,
             4.0457377 ,  4.0457377 ]], shape=(2000, 49), dtype=float32)

  • y_wind
    (trajectory, time)
    float32
    5.851 5.534 ... -0.9068 -0.9068

    minval :

    -1.0590873

    maxval :

    6.1829257

    array([[ 5.850747  ,  5.534166  ,  5.4055457 , ..., -0.724484  ,
            -0.9030369 , -0.9030369 ],
           [ 5.850747  ,  5.601082  ,  5.5182323 , ..., -0.75880957,
            -0.8998829 , -0.8998829 ],
           [ 5.850747  ,  5.4994926 ,  5.451828  , ..., -0.8795625 ,
            -1.0440496 , -1.0440496 ],
           ...,
           [ 5.850747  ,  5.550275  ,  5.4623394 , ..., -0.25595948,
            -0.16508855, -0.16508855],
           [ 5.850747  ,  5.4843736 ,  5.339664  , ..., -0.77156806,
            -0.9251285 , -0.9251285 ],
           [ 5.850747  ,  5.549448  ,  5.4658356 , ..., -0.7710504 ,
            -0.90681434, -0.90681434]], shape=(2000, 49), dtype=float32)

  • upward_sea_water_velocity
    (trajectory, time)
    float32
    0.000322 -0.000215 ... -0.0007412

    minval :

    -0.003177642

    maxval :

    0.0021925443

    array([[ 3.2203007e-04, -2.1496310e-04, -5.3843524e-04, ...,
            -4.0875142e-04, -1.8212803e-04, -1.8212803e-04],
           [ 4.3743767e-04, -5.3677958e-04, -5.7169574e-04, ...,
            -4.1662168e-04, -6.7719549e-04, -6.7719549e-04],
           [ 3.5945271e-04,  8.5997119e-05, -4.9989711e-04, ...,
             1.7617557e-04,  1.3154176e-04,  1.3154176e-04],
           ...,
           [ 2.8002387e-04, -3.3823875e-04, -7.1134866e-04, ...,
            -1.5035531e-03, -5.9020682e-04, -5.9020682e-04],
           [ 3.8796244e-04,  7.9083737e-05,  1.3516218e-04, ...,
            -2.9888671e-04, -4.9693132e-05, -4.9693132e-05],
           [ 2.8940022e-04, -3.6801505e-04, -6.7067565e-04, ...,
            -4.7507399e-04, -7.4115332e-04, -7.4115332e-04]],
          shape=(2000, 49), dtype=float32)

  • horizontal_diffusivity
    (trajectory, time)
    float32
    10.0 10.0 10.0 ... 10.0 10.0 10.0

    minval :

    10.0

    maxval :

    10.0

    array([[10., 10., 10., ..., 10., 10., 10.],
           [10., 10., 10., ..., 10., 10., 10.],
           [10., 10., 10., ..., 10., 10., 10.],
           ...,
           [10., 10., 10., ..., 10., 10., 10.],
           [10., 10., 10., ..., 10., 10., 10.],
           [10., 10., 10., ..., 10., 10., 10.]],
          shape=(2000, 49), dtype=float32)

  • sea_surface_wave_significant_height
    (trajectory, time)
    float32
    0.8453 0.7685 ... 0.4229 0.4229

    minval :

    0.06184581

    maxval :

    0.9452999

    array([[0.8452877 , 0.76851064, 0.7508561 , ..., 0.43633807, 0.4724733 ,
            0.4724733 ],
           [0.8452877 , 0.7902191 , 0.7837863 , ..., 0.4023952 , 0.42030725,
            0.42030725],
           [0.8452877 , 0.75670207, 0.7642063 , ..., 0.48765656, 0.49117473,
            0.49117473],
           ...,
           [0.8452877 , 0.7740697 , 0.7684867 , ..., 0.4217463 , 0.39447573,
            0.39447573],
           [0.8452877 , 0.75190455, 0.72850865, ..., 0.43500543, 0.45825335,
            0.45825335],
           [0.8452877 , 0.77388996, 0.76913506, ..., 0.40664786, 0.42288145,
            0.42288145]], shape=(2000, 49), dtype=float32)

  • sea_surface_wave_stokes_drift_x_velocity
    (trajectory, time)
    float32
    0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ... 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

    minval :

    0.0

    maxval :

    0.0

    array([[0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
           [0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
           [0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
           ...,
           [0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
           [0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
           [0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.]], shape=(2000, 49), dtype=float32)

  • sea_surface_wave_stokes_drift_y_velocity
    (trajectory, time)
    float32
    0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ... 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

    minval :

    0.0

    maxval :

    0.0

    array([[0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
           [0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
           [0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
           ...,
           [0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
           [0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
           [0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.]], shape=(2000, 49), dtype=float32)

  • sea_floor_depth_below_sea_level
    (trajectory, time)
    float32
    275.7 273.9 273.2 ... 265.5 265.5

    minval :

    38.6977

    maxval :

    364.10995

    array([[275.67816, 273.8858 , 273.17844, ..., 271.47253, 273.3105 ,
            273.3105 ],
           [275.67816, 272.5375 , 273.6401 , ..., 261.18585, 262.44003,
            262.44003],
           [275.67816, 274.41733, 272.83167, ..., 295.8486 , 296.16098,
            296.16098],
           ...,
           [275.67816, 273.95294, 272.41748, ..., 265.46295, 270.45956,
            270.45956],
           [275.67816, 275.0963 , 274.72403, ..., 271.8761 , 260.73822,
            260.73822],
           [275.67816, 274.07993, 272.48798, ..., 262.77975, 265.50867,
            265.50867]], shape=(2000, 49), dtype=float32)

  • land_binary_mask
    (trajectory, time)
    float32
    0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ... 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

    minval :

    0.0

    maxval :

    0.0

    array([[0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
           [0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
           [0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
           ...,
           [0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
           [0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
           [0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.]], shape=(2000, 49), dtype=float32)

• Indexes: (2)
  • trajectory
    PandasIndex

    PandasIndex(Index([   0,    1,    2,    3,    4,    5,    6,    7,    8,    9,
           ...
           1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999],
          dtype='int64', name='trajectory', length=2000))

  • time
    PandasIndex

    PandasIndex(DatetimeIndex(['2026-03-18 18:16:15.427627', '2026-03-18 18:46:15.427627',
                   '2026-03-18 19:16:15.427627', '2026-03-18 19:46:15.427627',
                   '2026-03-18 20:16:15.427627', '2026-03-18 20:46:15.427627',
                   '2026-03-18 21:16:15.427627', '2026-03-18 21:46:15.427627',
                   '2026-03-18 22:16:15.427627', '2026-03-18 22:46:15.427627',
                   '2026-03-18 23:16:15.427627', '2026-03-18 23:46:15.427627',
                   '2026-03-19 00:16:15.427627', '2026-03-19 00:46:15.427627',
                   '2026-03-19 01:16:15.427627', '2026-03-19 01:46:15.427627',
                   '2026-03-19 02:16:15.427627', '2026-03-19 02:46:15.427627',
                   '2026-03-19 03:16:15.427627', '2026-03-19 03:46:15.427627',
                   '2026-03-19 04:16:15.427627', '2026-03-19 04:46:15.427627',
                   '2026-03-19 05:16:15.427627', '2026-03-19 05:46:15.427627',
                   '2026-03-19 06:16:15.427627', '2026-03-19 06:46:15.427627',
                   '2026-03-19 07:16:15.427627', '2026-03-19 07:46:15.427627',
                   '2026-03-19 08:16:15.427627', '2026-03-19 08:46:15.427627',
                   '2026-03-19 09:16:15.427627', '2026-03-19 09:46:15.427627',
                   '2026-03-19 10:16:15.427627', '2026-03-19 10:46:15.427627',
                   '2026-03-19 11:16:15.427627', '2026-03-19 11:46:15.427627',
                   '2026-03-19 12:16:15.427627', '2026-03-19 12:46:15.427627',
                   '2026-03-19 13:16:15.427627', '2026-03-19 13:46:15.427627',
                   '2026-03-19 14:16:15.427627', '2026-03-19 14:46:15.427627',
                   '2026-03-19 15:16:15.427627', '2026-03-19 15:46:15.427627',
                   '2026-03-19 16:16:15.427627', '2026-03-19 16:46:15.427627',
                   '2026-03-19 17:16:15.427627', '2026-03-19 17:46:15.427627',
                   '2026-03-19 18:16:15.427627'],
                  dtype='datetime64[ns]', name='time', freq='30min'))

• Attributes: (122)

  Conventions :

  CF-1.11, ACDD-1.3

  standard_name_vocabulary :

  CF Standard Name Table v85

  featureType :

  trajectory

  title :

  OpenDrift trajectory simulation

  summary :

  Output from simulation with OpenDrift framework

  keywords :

  trajectory, drift, lagrangian, simulation

  history :

  Created 2026-03-18 18:16:19.414360

  date_created :

  2026-03-18T18:16:19.414374

  source :

  Output from simulation with OpenDrift

  model_url :

  https://github.com/OpenDrift/opendrift

  opendrift_class :

  OceanDrift

  opendrift_module :

  opendrift.models.oceandrift

  readers :

  odict_keys(['LazyReader: https://thredds.met.no/thredds/dodsC/fou-hi/norkystv3_800m_m00_be', 'constant_reader', 'global_landmask'])

  time_coverage_start :

  2026-03-18 18:16:15.427627

  time_step_calculation :

  0:30:00

  time_step_output :

  0:30:00

  config_environment:constant:x_sea_water_velocity :

  None

  config_environment:fallback:x_sea_water_velocity :

  0

  config_environment:constant:y_sea_water_velocity :

  None

  config_environment:fallback:y_sea_water_velocity :

  0

  config_environment:constant:sea_surface_height :

  None

  config_environment:fallback:sea_surface_height :

  0

  config_environment:constant:x_wind :

  None

  config_environment:fallback:x_wind :

  0

  config_environment:constant:y_wind :

  None

  config_environment:fallback:y_wind :

  0

  config_environment:constant:upward_sea_water_velocity :

  None

  config_environment:fallback:upward_sea_water_velocity :

  0

  config_environment:constant:ocean_vertical_diffusivity :

  None

  config_environment:fallback:ocean_vertical_diffusivity :

  0

  config_environment:constant:horizontal_diffusivity :

  10.0

  config_environment:fallback:horizontal_diffusivity :

  0

  config_environment:constant:sea_surface_wave_significant_height :

  None

  config_environment:fallback:sea_surface_wave_significant_height :

  0

  config_environment:constant:sea_surface_wave_stokes_drift_x_velocity :

  None

  config_environment:fallback:sea_surface_wave_stokes_drift_x_velocity :

  0

  config_environment:constant:sea_surface_wave_stokes_drift_y_velocity :

  None

  config_environment:fallback:sea_surface_wave_stokes_drift_y_velocity :

  0

  config_environment:constant:ocean_mixed_layer_thickness :

  None

  config_environment:fallback:ocean_mixed_layer_thickness :

  50

  config_environment:constant:sea_floor_depth_below_sea_level :

  None

  config_environment:fallback:sea_floor_depth_below_sea_level :

  10000

  config_environment:constant:land_binary_mask :

  None

  config_environment:fallback:land_binary_mask :

  None

  config_general:use_auto_landmask :

  True

  config_drift:current_uncertainty :

  0

  config_drift:current_uncertainty_uniform :

  0

  config_drift:max_speed :

  2.0

  config_readers:max_number_of_fails :

  1

  config_general:simulation_name :

  config_general:coastline_action :

  stranding

  config_general:coastline_approximation_precision :

  0.001

  config_general:time_step_minutes :

  60

  config_general:time_step_output_minutes :

  None

  config_seed:ocean_only :

  True

  config_seed:number :

  1

  config_drift:max_age_seconds :

  None

  config_drift:advection_scheme :

  euler

  config_drift:horizontal_diffusivity :

  0

  config_drift:profiles_depth :

  50

  config_drift:wind_uncertainty :

  0

  config_drift:relative_wind :

  False

  config_drift:deactivate_north_of :

  None

  config_drift:deactivate_south_of :

  None

  config_drift:deactivate_east_of :

  None

  config_drift:deactivate_west_of :

  None

  config_seed:origin_marker :

  0

  config_seed:z :

  0

  config_seed:wind_drift_factor :

  0.02

  config_seed:current_drift_factor :

  1

  config_seed:terminal_velocity :

  0.0

  config_drift:vertical_advection :

  True

  config_drift:vertical_advection_at_surface :

  False

  config_drift:water_column_stretching :

  False

  config_drift:vertical_advection_correction :

  False

  config_drift:vertical_mixing :

  False

  config_drift:vertical_mixing_at_surface :

  False

  config_vertical_mixing:timestep :

  60

  config_vertical_mixing:diffusivitymodel :

  environment

  config_vertical_mixing:background_diffusivity :

  1.2e-05

  config_vertical_mixing:TSprofiles :

  False

  config_drift:wind_drift_depth :

  0.1

  config_drift:stokes_drift :

  True

  config_drift:stokes_drift_profile :

  Phillips

  config_drift:use_tabularised_stokes_drift :

  False

  config_drift:tabularised_stokes_drift_fetch :

  25000

  config_general:seafloor_action :

  lift_to_seafloor

  config_drift:truncate_ocean_model_below_m :

  None

  config_seed:seafloor :

  False

  opendrift_version :

  1.14.9

  seed_geojson :

  {"features": [], "type": "FeatureCollection"}

  simulation_time :

  2026-03-18 18:16:19.421799

  reader_x_sea_water_velocity :

  ['https://thredds.met.no/thredds/dodsC/fou-hi/norkystv3_800m_m00_be']

  reader_y_sea_water_velocity :

  ['https://thredds.met.no/thredds/dodsC/fou-hi/norkystv3_800m_m00_be']

  reader_sea_surface_height :

  ['https://thredds.met.no/thredds/dodsC/fou-hi/norkystv3_800m_m00_be']

  reader_x_wind :

  ['https://thredds.met.no/thredds/dodsC/fou-hi/norkystv3_800m_m00_be']

  reader_y_wind :

  ['https://thredds.met.no/thredds/dodsC/fou-hi/norkystv3_800m_m00_be']

  reader_upward_sea_water_velocity :

  ['https://thredds.met.no/thredds/dodsC/fou-hi/norkystv3_800m_m00_be']

  reader_horizontal_diffusivity :

  10.0

  reader_sea_surface_wave_significant_height :

  0

  reader_sea_surface_wave_stokes_drift_x_velocity :

  0

  reader_sea_surface_wave_stokes_drift_y_velocity :

  0

  reader_sea_floor_depth_below_sea_level :

  ['https://thredds.met.no/thredds/dodsC/fou-hi/norkystv3_800m_m00_be']

  reader_land_binary_mask :

  ['global_landmask']

  time_coverage_end :

  2026-03-19 18:16:15.427627

  time_coverage_duration :

  P1DT0H0M0S

  time_coverage_resolution :

  P0DT0H30M0S

  performance :

  -------------------- Reader performance: -------------------- constant_reader 0:00:00.0 total 0:00:00.0 preparing 0:00:00.0 reading 0:00:00.0 masking -------------------- global_landmask 0:00:01.5 total 0:00:00.0 preparing 0:00:01.5 reading 0:00:00.0 masking -------------------- https://thredds.met.no/thredds/dodsC/fou-hi/norkystv3_800m_m00_be 0:00:48.3 total 0:00:00.0 preparing 0:00:47.9 reading 0:00:00.9 interpolation 0:00:00.0 interpolation_time 0:00:00.4 rotating vectors 0:00:00.0 masking -------------------- Performance: 58.4 total time 4.0 configuration 0.0 preparing main loop 0.0 moving elements to ocean 54.4 main loop 0.1 updating elements 0.0 cleaning up --------------------

  geospatial_bounds_crs :

  EPSG:4326

  geospatial_bounds_vertical_crs :

  EPSG:5831

  geospatial_lat_min :

  59.997673

  geospatial_lat_max :

  60.738358

  geospatial_lat_units :

  degrees_north

  geospatial_lat_resolution :

  point

  geospatial_lon_min :

  4.5036883

  geospatial_lon_max :

  4.8989916

  geospatial_lon_units :

  degrees_east

  geospatial_lon_resolution :

  point

  runtime :

  0:00:58.479071

  geospatial_vertical_min :

  -76.36457

  geospatial_vertical_max :

  0.0

  geospatial_vertical_positive :

  up

Plot results with lines and particles colored by depth

print(o)
o.plot(linecolor='z', buffer=.1, show_elements=False)
o.animation(color='z', buffer=.1)

===========================
--------------------
Reader performance:
--------------------
constant_reader
 0:00:00.0  total
 0:00:00.0  preparing
 0:00:00.0  reading
 0:00:00.0  masking
--------------------
global_landmask
 0:00:01.5  total
 0:00:00.0  preparing
 0:00:01.5  reading
 0:00:00.0  masking
--------------------
https://thredds.met.no/thredds/dodsC/fou-hi/norkystv3_800m_m00_be
 0:00:48.3  total
 0:00:00.0  preparing
 0:00:47.9  reading
 0:00:00.9  interpolation
 0:00:00.0  interpolation_time
 0:00:00.4  rotating vectors
 0:00:00.0  masking
--------------------
Performance:
   58.4 total time
    4.0 configuration
    0.0 preparing main loop
      0.0 moving elements to ocean
   54.4 main loop
      0.1 updating elements
    0.0 cleaning up
--------------------
===========================
Model:  OceanDrift     (OpenDrift version 1.14.9)
        1998 active Lagrangian3DArray particles  (2 deactivated, 0 scheduled)
-------------------
Environment variables:
  -----
  horizontal_diffusivity
     1) constant_reader
  -----
  land_binary_mask
     1) global_landmask
  -----
  sea_floor_depth_below_sea_level
  sea_surface_height
  upward_sea_water_velocity
  x_sea_water_velocity
  x_wind
  y_sea_water_velocity
  y_wind
     1) https://thredds.met.no/thredds/dodsC/fou-hi/norkystv3_800m_m00_be
  -----
Readers not added for the following variables:
  sea_surface_wave_significant_height
  sea_surface_wave_stokes_drift_x_velocity
  sea_surface_wave_stokes_drift_y_velocity

Discarded readers:

Time:
        Start: 2026-03-18 18:16:15.427627 UTC
        Present: 2026-03-19 18:16:15.427627 UTC
        Calculation steps: 48 * 0:30:00 - total time: 1 day, 0:00:00
        Output steps: 49 * 0:30:00
===========================

18:18:12 INFO    opendrift:4705: Saving animation to /root/project/docs/source/gallery/animations/example_depth_0.gif...
18:18:39 INFO    opendrift:3128: Time to make animation: 0:00:28.649884