2D simulation profile

from datetime import datetime, timedelta
import numpy as np
from opendrift.models.oceandrift import OceanDrift

o = OceanDrift(loglevel=20)  # Set loglevel to 0 for debug information

14:07:45 INFO    opendrift:568: OpenDriftSimulation initialised (version 1.14.9 / v1.14.9-43-g22dbf7d)

Define some constant current, wind and Stokes drift

o.set_config('environment:fallback:x_wind', 7)
o.set_config('environment:fallback:x_sea_water_velocity', .1)
o.set_config('environment:fallback:sea_surface_wave_stokes_drift_x_velocity', .2)
o.set_config('environment:fallback:sea_surface_wave_significant_height', 2)

Seed elements between surface and 5m depth

time = datetime.utcnow()
z = -np.linspace(0, 5, 50)
o.seed_elements(lon=4.5, lat=60.0, z=z, radius=0, number=len(z), time=time)

/root/project/examples/example_2d.py:22: DeprecationWarning: datetime.datetime.utcnow() is deprecated and scheduled for removal in a future version. Use timezone-aware objects to represent datetimes in UTC: datetime.datetime.now(datetime.UTC).
  time = datetime.utcnow()
14:07:45 INFO    opendrift.models.basemodel.environment:203: Adding a global landmask from GSHHG
14:07:49 INFO    opendrift.models.basemodel.environment:227: Fallback values will be used for the following variables which have no readers:
14:07:49 INFO    opendrift.models.basemodel.environment:230:    x_sea_water_velocity: 0.100000
14:07:49 INFO    opendrift.models.basemodel.environment:230:    y_sea_water_velocity: 0.000000
14:07:49 INFO    opendrift.models.basemodel.environment:230:    sea_surface_height: 0.000000
14:07:49 INFO    opendrift.models.basemodel.environment:230:    x_wind: 7.000000
14:07:49 INFO    opendrift.models.basemodel.environment:230:    y_wind: 0.000000
14:07:49 INFO    opendrift.models.basemodel.environment:230:    upward_sea_water_velocity: 0.000000
14:07:49 INFO    opendrift.models.basemodel.environment:230:    ocean_vertical_diffusivity: 0.000000
14:07:49 INFO    opendrift.models.basemodel.environment:230:    horizontal_diffusivity: 0.000000
14:07:49 INFO    opendrift.models.basemodel.environment:230:    sea_surface_wave_significant_height: 2.000000
14:07:49 INFO    opendrift.models.basemodel.environment:230:    sea_surface_wave_stokes_drift_x_velocity: 0.200000
14:07:49 INFO    opendrift.models.basemodel.environment:230:    sea_surface_wave_stokes_drift_y_velocity: 0.000000
14:07:49 INFO    opendrift.models.basemodel.environment:230:    ocean_mixed_layer_thickness: 50.000000
14:07:49 INFO    opendrift.models.basemodel.environment:230:    sea_floor_depth_below_sea_level: 10000.000000

Running model for 6 hours

o.run(duration=timedelta(hours=6), time_step=600)

14:07:49 INFO    opendrift:1894: Skipping environment variable ocean_vertical_diffusivity because of condition ['drift:vertical_mixing', 'is', False]
14:07:49 INFO    opendrift:1894: Skipping environment variable ocean_mixed_layer_thickness because of condition ['drift:vertical_mixing', 'is', False]
14:07:49 INFO    opendrift:1905: Storing previous values of element property lon because of condition (('general:coastline_action', 'in', ['stranding', 'previous']), 'or', ('general:seafloor_action', 'in', ['previous']))
14:07:49 INFO    opendrift:1905: Storing previous values of element property lat because of condition (('general:coastline_action', 'in', ['stranding', 'previous']), 'or', ('general:seafloor_action', 'in', ['previous']))
14:07:49 INFO    opendrift:1913: Storing previous values of environment variable sea_surface_height because of condition ['drift:vertical_advection', 'is', True]
14:07:49 INFO    opendrift:947: Using existing reader for land_binary_mask to move elements to ocean
14:07:49 INFO    opendrift:978: All points are in ocean
14:07:49 INFO    opendrift:2202: 2026-04-21 14:07:45.108666 - step 1 of 36 - 50 active elements (0 deactivated)
14:07:49 INFO    opendrift:2202: 2026-04-21 14:17:45.108666 - step 2 of 36 - 50 active elements (0 deactivated)
14:07:49 INFO    opendrift:2202: 2026-04-21 14:27:45.108666 - step 3 of 36 - 50 active elements (0 deactivated)
14:07:49 INFO    opendrift:2202: 2026-04-21 14:37:45.108666 - step 4 of 36 - 50 active elements (0 deactivated)
14:07:49 INFO    opendrift:2202: 2026-04-21 14:47:45.108666 - step 5 of 36 - 50 active elements (0 deactivated)
14:07:49 INFO    opendrift:2202: 2026-04-21 14:57:45.108666 - step 6 of 36 - 50 active elements (0 deactivated)
14:07:49 INFO    opendrift:2202: 2026-04-21 15:07:45.108666 - step 7 of 36 - 50 active elements (0 deactivated)
14:07:49 INFO    opendrift:2202: 2026-04-21 15:17:45.108666 - step 8 of 36 - 50 active elements (0 deactivated)
14:07:49 INFO    opendrift:2202: 2026-04-21 15:27:45.108666 - step 9 of 36 - 50 active elements (0 deactivated)
14:07:49 INFO    opendrift:2202: 2026-04-21 15:37:45.108666 - step 10 of 36 - 50 active elements (0 deactivated)
14:07:49 INFO    opendrift:2202: 2026-04-21 15:47:45.108666 - step 11 of 36 - 50 active elements (0 deactivated)
14:07:49 INFO    opendrift:2202: 2026-04-21 15:57:45.108666 - step 12 of 36 - 50 active elements (0 deactivated)
14:07:49 INFO    opendrift:2202: 2026-04-21 16:07:45.108666 - step 13 of 36 - 50 active elements (0 deactivated)
14:07:49 INFO    opendrift:2202: 2026-04-21 16:17:45.108666 - step 14 of 36 - 50 active elements (0 deactivated)
14:07:49 INFO    opendrift:2202: 2026-04-21 16:27:45.108666 - step 15 of 36 - 50 active elements (0 deactivated)
14:07:49 INFO    opendrift:2202: 2026-04-21 16:37:45.108666 - step 16 of 36 - 50 active elements (0 deactivated)
14:07:49 INFO    opendrift:2202: 2026-04-21 16:47:45.108666 - step 17 of 36 - 50 active elements (0 deactivated)
14:07:49 INFO    opendrift:2202: 2026-04-21 16:57:45.108666 - step 18 of 36 - 50 active elements (0 deactivated)
14:07:49 INFO    opendrift:2202: 2026-04-21 17:07:45.108666 - step 19 of 36 - 50 active elements (0 deactivated)
14:07:49 INFO    opendrift:2202: 2026-04-21 17:17:45.108666 - step 20 of 36 - 50 active elements (0 deactivated)
14:07:49 INFO    opendrift:2202: 2026-04-21 17:27:45.108666 - step 21 of 36 - 50 active elements (0 deactivated)
14:07:49 INFO    opendrift:2202: 2026-04-21 17:37:45.108666 - step 22 of 36 - 50 active elements (0 deactivated)
14:07:49 INFO    opendrift:2202: 2026-04-21 17:47:45.108666 - step 23 of 36 - 50 active elements (0 deactivated)
14:07:49 INFO    opendrift:2202: 2026-04-21 17:57:45.108666 - step 24 of 36 - 50 active elements (0 deactivated)
14:07:49 INFO    opendrift:2202: 2026-04-21 18:07:45.108666 - step 25 of 36 - 50 active elements (0 deactivated)
14:07:49 INFO    opendrift:2202: 2026-04-21 18:17:45.108666 - step 26 of 36 - 50 active elements (0 deactivated)
14:07:49 INFO    opendrift:2202: 2026-04-21 18:27:45.108666 - step 27 of 36 - 50 active elements (0 deactivated)
14:07:49 INFO    opendrift:2202: 2026-04-21 18:37:45.108666 - step 28 of 36 - 50 active elements (0 deactivated)
14:07:49 INFO    opendrift:2202: 2026-04-21 18:47:45.108666 - step 29 of 36 - 50 active elements (0 deactivated)
14:07:49 INFO    opendrift:2202: 2026-04-21 18:57:45.108666 - step 30 of 36 - 50 active elements (0 deactivated)
14:07:49 INFO    opendrift:2202: 2026-04-21 19:07:45.108666 - step 31 of 36 - 50 active elements (0 deactivated)
14:07:49 INFO    opendrift:2202: 2026-04-21 19:17:45.108666 - step 32 of 36 - 50 active elements (0 deactivated)
14:07:49 INFO    opendrift:2202: 2026-04-21 19:27:45.108666 - step 33 of 36 - 50 active elements (0 deactivated)
14:07:49 INFO    opendrift:2202: 2026-04-21 19:37:45.108666 - step 34 of 36 - 50 active elements (0 deactivated)
14:07:49 INFO    opendrift:2202: 2026-04-21 19:47:45.108666 - step 35 of 36 - 50 active elements (0 deactivated)
14:07:49 INFO    opendrift:2202: 2026-04-21 19:57:45.108666 - step 36 of 36 - 50 active elements (0 deactivated)

<xarray.Dataset> Size: 163kB
Dimensions:                                   (trajectory: 50, time: 37)
Coordinates:
  * trajectory                                (trajectory) int64 400B 0 1 ... 49
  * time                                      (time) datetime64[ns] 296B 2026...
Data variables: (12/22)
    status                                    (trajectory, time) float32 7kB ...
    moving                                    (trajectory, time) float32 7kB ...
    age_seconds                               (trajectory, time) float32 7kB ...
    origin_marker                             (trajectory, time) float32 7kB ...
    lon                                       (trajectory, time) float32 7kB ...
    lat                                       (trajectory, time) float32 7kB ...
    ...                                        ...
    horizontal_diffusivity                    (trajectory, time) float32 7kB ...
    sea_surface_wave_significant_height       (trajectory, time) float32 7kB ...
    sea_surface_wave_stokes_drift_x_velocity  (trajectory, time) float32 7kB ...
    sea_surface_wave_stokes_drift_y_velocity  (trajectory, time) float32 7kB ...
    sea_floor_depth_below_sea_level           (trajectory, time) float32 7kB ...
    land_binary_mask                          (trajectory, time) float32 7kB ...
Attributes: (12/121)
    Conventions:                                                           CF...
    standard_name_vocabulary:                                              CF...
    featureType:                                                           tr...
    title:                                                                 Op...
    summary:                                                               Ou...
    keywords:                                                              tr...
    ...                                                                    ...
    geospatial_lon_units:                                                  de...
    geospatial_lon_resolution:                                             point
    runtime:                                                               0:...
    geospatial_vertical_min:                                               -5.0
    geospatial_vertical_max:                                               -0.0
    geospatial_vertical_positive:                                          up

xarray.Dataset

• Dimensions:
  • trajectory: 50
  • time: 37
• Coordinates: (2)
  • trajectory
    (trajectory)
    int64
    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 ... 44 45 46 47 48 49

    cf_role :

    trajectory_id

    dtype :

    <class 'numpy.int32'>

    array([ 0,  1,  2,  3,  4,  5,  6,  7,  8,  9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17,
           18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35,
           36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49])

  • time
    (time)
    datetime64[ns]
    2026-04-21T14:07:45.108666 ... 2...

    standard_name :

    time

    long_name :

    time

    dtype :

    <class 'numpy.float64'>

    array(['2026-04-21T14:07:45.108666000', '2026-04-21T14:17:45.108666000',
           '2026-04-21T14:27:45.108666000', '2026-04-21T14:37:45.108666000',
           '2026-04-21T14:47:45.108666000', '2026-04-21T14:57:45.108666000',
           '2026-04-21T15:07:45.108666000', '2026-04-21T15:17:45.108666000',
           '2026-04-21T15:27:45.108666000', '2026-04-21T15:37:45.108666000',
           '2026-04-21T15:47:45.108666000', '2026-04-21T15:57:45.108666000',
           '2026-04-21T16:07:45.108666000', '2026-04-21T16:17:45.108666000',
           '2026-04-21T16:27:45.108666000', '2026-04-21T16:37:45.108666000',
           '2026-04-21T16:47:45.108666000', '2026-04-21T16:57:45.108666000',
           '2026-04-21T17:07:45.108666000', '2026-04-21T17:17:45.108666000',
           '2026-04-21T17:27:45.108666000', '2026-04-21T17:37:45.108666000',
           '2026-04-21T17:47:45.108666000', '2026-04-21T17:57:45.108666000',
           '2026-04-21T18:07:45.108666000', '2026-04-21T18:17:45.108666000',
           '2026-04-21T18:27:45.108666000', '2026-04-21T18:37:45.108666000',
           '2026-04-21T18:47:45.108666000', '2026-04-21T18:57:45.108666000',
           '2026-04-21T19:07:45.108666000', '2026-04-21T19:17:45.108666000',
           '2026-04-21T19:27:45.108666000', '2026-04-21T19:37:45.108666000',
           '2026-04-21T19:47:45.108666000', '2026-04-21T19:57:45.108666000',
           '2026-04-21T20:07:45.108666000'], dtype='datetime64[ns]')

• Data variables: (22)
  • status
    (trajectory, time)
    float32
    0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ... 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

    dtype :

    <class 'numpy.int32'>

    valid_range :

    [0 0]

    flag_values :

    [0]

    flag_meanings :

    active

    array([[0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
           [0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
           [0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
           ...,
           [0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
           [0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
           [0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.]], shape=(50, 37), dtype=float32)

  • moving
    (trajectory, time)
    float32
    1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 ... 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

    dtype :

    <class 'numpy.int32'>

    minval :

    1

    maxval :

    1

    array([[1., 1., 1., ..., 1., 1., 1.],
           [1., 1., 1., ..., 1., 1., 1.],
           [1., 1., 1., ..., 1., 1., 1.],
           ...,
           [1., 1., 1., ..., 1., 1., 1.],
           [1., 1., 1., ..., 1., 1., 1.],
           [1., 1., 1., ..., 1., 1., 1.]], shape=(50, 37), dtype=float32)

  • age_seconds
    (trajectory, time)
    float32
    0.0 600.0 ... 2.1e+04 2.16e+04

    dtype :

    <class 'numpy.float32'>

    units :

    s

    minval :

    0.0

    maxval :

    21600.0

    array([[    0.,   600.,  1200., ..., 20400., 21000., 21600.],
           [    0.,   600.,  1200., ..., 20400., 21000., 21600.],
           [    0.,   600.,  1200., ..., 20400., 21000., 21600.],
           ...,
           [    0.,   600.,  1200., ..., 20400., 21000., 21600.],
           [    0.,   600.,  1200., ..., 20400., 21000., 21600.],
           [    0.,   600.,  1200., ..., 20400., 21000., 21600.]],
          shape=(50, 37), dtype=float32)

  • origin_marker
    (trajectory, time)
    float32
    0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ... 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

    dtype :

    <class 'numpy.int32'>

    unit :

    description :

    An integer kept constant during the simulation. Different values may be used for different seedings, to separate elements during analysis. With GUI, only a single seeding is possible.

    flag_values :

    [0]

    flag_meanings :

    Seed_0

    minval :

    0

    maxval :

    0

    array([[0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
           [0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
           [0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
           ...,
           [0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
           [0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
           [0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.]], shape=(50, 37), dtype=float32)

  • lon
    (trajectory, time)
    float32
    4.5 4.505 4.509 ... 4.542 4.543

    dtype :

    <class 'numpy.float32'>

    units :

    degrees_east

    standard_name :

    longitude

    long_name :

    longitude

    axis :

    X

    minval :

    4.5

    maxval :

    4.6703224

    array([[4.5      , 4.504731 , 4.5094624, ..., 4.66086  , 4.6655912,
            4.6703224],
           [4.5      , 4.502668 , 4.505336 , ..., 4.590705 , 4.593373 ,
            4.5960407],
           [4.5      , 4.5024686, 4.504937 , ..., 4.583935 , 4.5864034,
            4.5888724],
           ...,
           [4.5      , 4.5012126, 4.5024257, ..., 4.5412326, 4.542445 ,
            4.5436583],
           [4.5      , 4.5012074, 4.502415 , ..., 4.541056 , 4.5422635,
            4.543471 ],
           [4.5      , 4.5012026, 4.502405 , ..., 4.540887 , 4.5420895,
            4.543292 ]], shape=(50, 37), dtype=float32)

  • lat
    (trajectory, time)
    float32
    60.0 60.0 60.0 ... 60.0 60.0 60.0

    dtype :

    <class 'numpy.float32'>

    units :

    degrees_north

    standard_name :

    latitude

    long_name :

    latitude

    axis :

    Y

    minval :

    60.0

    maxval :

    60.0

    array([[60., 60., 60., ..., 60., 60., 60.],
           [60., 60., 60., ..., 60., 60., 60.],
           [60., 60., 60., ..., 60., 60., 60.],
           ...,
           [60., 60., 60., ..., 60., 60., 60.],
           [60., 60., 60., ..., 60., 60., 60.],
           [60., 60., 60., ..., 60., 60., 60.]], shape=(50, 37), dtype=float32)

  • z
    (trajectory, time)
    float32
    -0.0 -0.0 -0.0 ... -5.0 -5.0 -5.0

    dtype :

    <class 'numpy.float32'>

    units :

    m

    standard_name :

    z

    long_name :

    vertical position

    axis :

    Z

    positive :

    up

    minval :

    -5.0

    maxval :

    -0.0

    array([[-0.        , -0.        , -0.        , ..., -0.        ,
            -0.        , -0.        ],
           [-0.10204082, -0.10204082, -0.10204082, ..., -0.10204082,
            -0.10204082, -0.10204082],
           [-0.20408164, -0.20408164, -0.20408164, ..., -0.20408164,
            -0.20408164, -0.20408164],
           ...,
           [-4.7959185 , -4.7959185 , -4.7959185 , ..., -4.7959185 ,
            -4.7959185 , -4.7959185 ],
           [-4.897959  , -4.897959  , -4.897959  , ..., -4.897959  ,
            -4.897959  , -4.897959  ],
           [-5.        , -5.        , -5.        , ..., -5.        ,
            -5.        , -5.        ]], shape=(50, 37), dtype=float32)

  • wind_drift_factor
    (trajectory, time)
    float32
    0.02 0.02 0.02 ... 0.02 0.02 0.02

    dtype :

    <class 'numpy.float32'>

    units :

    1

    description :

    Elements at surface are moved with this fraction of the vind vector, in addition to currents and Stokes drift

    minval :

    0.02

    maxval :

    0.02

    array([[0.02, 0.02, 0.02, ..., 0.02, 0.02, 0.02],
           [0.02, 0.02, 0.02, ..., 0.02, 0.02, 0.02],
           [0.02, 0.02, 0.02, ..., 0.02, 0.02, 0.02],
           ...,
           [0.02, 0.02, 0.02, ..., 0.02, 0.02, 0.02],
           [0.02, 0.02, 0.02, ..., 0.02, 0.02, 0.02],
           [0.02, 0.02, 0.02, ..., 0.02, 0.02, 0.02]],
          shape=(50, 37), dtype=float32)

  • current_drift_factor
    (trajectory, time)
    float32
    1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 ... 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

    dtype :

    <class 'numpy.float32'>

    units :

    1

    description :

    Elements are moved with this fraction of the current vector, in addition to currents and Stokes drift

    minval :

    1.0

    maxval :

    1.0

    array([[1., 1., 1., ..., 1., 1., 1.],
           [1., 1., 1., ..., 1., 1., 1.],
           [1., 1., 1., ..., 1., 1., 1.],
           ...,
           [1., 1., 1., ..., 1., 1., 1.],
           [1., 1., 1., ..., 1., 1., 1.],
           [1., 1., 1., ..., 1., 1., 1.]], shape=(50, 37), dtype=float32)

  • terminal_velocity
    (trajectory, time)
    float32
    0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ... 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

    dtype :

    <class 'numpy.float32'>

    units :

    m/s

    description :

    Terminal rise/sinking velocity (buoyancy) in the ocean column

    minval :

    0.0

    maxval :

    0.0

    array([[0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
           [0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
           [0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
           ...,
           [0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
           [0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
           [0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.]], shape=(50, 37), dtype=float32)

  • x_sea_water_velocity
    (trajectory, time)
    float32
    0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 ... 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1

    minval :

    0.1

    maxval :

    0.1

    array([[0.1, 0.1, 0.1, ..., 0.1, 0.1, 0.1],
           [0.1, 0.1, 0.1, ..., 0.1, 0.1, 0.1],
           [0.1, 0.1, 0.1, ..., 0.1, 0.1, 0.1],
           ...,
           [0.1, 0.1, 0.1, ..., 0.1, 0.1, 0.1],
           [0.1, 0.1, 0.1, ..., 0.1, 0.1, 0.1],
           [0.1, 0.1, 0.1, ..., 0.1, 0.1, 0.1]], shape=(50, 37), dtype=float32)

  • y_sea_water_velocity
    (trajectory, time)
    float32
    0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ... 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

    minval :

    0.0

    maxval :

    0.0

    array([[0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
           [0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
           [0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
           ...,
           [0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
           [0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
           [0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.]], shape=(50, 37), dtype=float32)

  • sea_surface_height
    (trajectory, time)
    float32
    0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ... 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

    minval :

    0.0

    maxval :

    0.0

    array([[0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
           [0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
           [0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
           ...,
           [0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
           [0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
           [0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.]], shape=(50, 37), dtype=float32)

  • x_wind
    (trajectory, time)
    float32
    7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 ... 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0

    minval :

    7.0

    maxval :

    7.0

    array([[7., 7., 7., ..., 7., 7., 7.],
           [7., 7., 7., ..., 7., 7., 7.],
           [7., 7., 7., ..., 7., 7., 7.],
           ...,
           [7., 7., 7., ..., 7., 7., 7.],
           [7., 7., 7., ..., 7., 7., 7.],
           [7., 7., 7., ..., 7., 7., 7.]], shape=(50, 37), dtype=float32)

  • y_wind
    (trajectory, time)
    float32
    0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ... 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

    minval :

    0.0

    maxval :

    0.0

    array([[0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
           [0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
           [0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
           ...,
           [0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
           [0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
           [0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.]], shape=(50, 37), dtype=float32)

  • upward_sea_water_velocity
    (trajectory, time)
    float32
    0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ... 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

    minval :

    0.0

    maxval :

    0.0

    array([[0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
           [0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
           [0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
           ...,
           [0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
           [0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
           [0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.]], shape=(50, 37), dtype=float32)

  • horizontal_diffusivity
    (trajectory, time)
    float32
    0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ... 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

    minval :

    0.0

    maxval :

    0.0

    array([[0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
           [0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
           [0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
           ...,
           [0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
           [0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
           [0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.]], shape=(50, 37), dtype=float32)

  • sea_surface_wave_significant_height
    (trajectory, time)
    float32
    2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 ... 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0

    minval :

    2.0

    maxval :

    2.0

    array([[2., 2., 2., ..., 2., 2., 2.],
           [2., 2., 2., ..., 2., 2., 2.],
           [2., 2., 2., ..., 2., 2., 2.],
           ...,
           [2., 2., 2., ..., 2., 2., 2.],
           [2., 2., 2., ..., 2., 2., 2.],
           [2., 2., 2., ..., 2., 2., 2.]], shape=(50, 37), dtype=float32)

  • sea_surface_wave_stokes_drift_x_velocity
    (trajectory, time)
    float32
    0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 ... 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

    minval :

    0.2

    maxval :

    0.2

    array([[0.2, 0.2, 0.2, ..., 0.2, 0.2, 0.2],
           [0.2, 0.2, 0.2, ..., 0.2, 0.2, 0.2],
           [0.2, 0.2, 0.2, ..., 0.2, 0.2, 0.2],
           ...,
           [0.2, 0.2, 0.2, ..., 0.2, 0.2, 0.2],
           [0.2, 0.2, 0.2, ..., 0.2, 0.2, 0.2],
           [0.2, 0.2, 0.2, ..., 0.2, 0.2, 0.2]], shape=(50, 37), dtype=float32)

  • sea_surface_wave_stokes_drift_y_velocity
    (trajectory, time)
    float32
    0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ... 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

    minval :

    0.0

    maxval :

    0.0

    array([[0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
           [0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
           [0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
           ...,
           [0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
           [0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
           [0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.]], shape=(50, 37), dtype=float32)

  • sea_floor_depth_below_sea_level
    (trajectory, time)
    float32
    1e+04 1e+04 1e+04 ... 1e+04 1e+04

    minval :

    10000.0

    maxval :

    10000.0

    array([[10000., 10000., 10000., ..., 10000., 10000., 10000.],
           [10000., 10000., 10000., ..., 10000., 10000., 10000.],
           [10000., 10000., 10000., ..., 10000., 10000., 10000.],
           ...,
           [10000., 10000., 10000., ..., 10000., 10000., 10000.],
           [10000., 10000., 10000., ..., 10000., 10000., 10000.],
           [10000., 10000., 10000., ..., 10000., 10000., 10000.]],
          shape=(50, 37), dtype=float32)

  • land_binary_mask
    (trajectory, time)
    float32
    0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ... 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

    minval :

    0.0

    maxval :

    0.0

    array([[0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
           [0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
           [0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
           ...,
           [0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
           [0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
           [0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.]], shape=(50, 37), dtype=float32)

• Indexes: (2)
  • trajectory
    PandasIndex

    PandasIndex(Index([ 0,  1,  2,  3,  4,  5,  6,  7,  8,  9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17,
           18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35,
           36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49],
          dtype='int64', name='trajectory'))

  • time
    PandasIndex

    PandasIndex(DatetimeIndex(['2026-04-21 14:07:45.108666', '2026-04-21 14:17:45.108666',
                   '2026-04-21 14:27:45.108666', '2026-04-21 14:37:45.108666',
                   '2026-04-21 14:47:45.108666', '2026-04-21 14:57:45.108666',
                   '2026-04-21 15:07:45.108666', '2026-04-21 15:17:45.108666',
                   '2026-04-21 15:27:45.108666', '2026-04-21 15:37:45.108666',
                   '2026-04-21 15:47:45.108666', '2026-04-21 15:57:45.108666',
                   '2026-04-21 16:07:45.108666', '2026-04-21 16:17:45.108666',
                   '2026-04-21 16:27:45.108666', '2026-04-21 16:37:45.108666',
                   '2026-04-21 16:47:45.108666', '2026-04-21 16:57:45.108666',
                   '2026-04-21 17:07:45.108666', '2026-04-21 17:17:45.108666',
                   '2026-04-21 17:27:45.108666', '2026-04-21 17:37:45.108666',
                   '2026-04-21 17:47:45.108666', '2026-04-21 17:57:45.108666',
                   '2026-04-21 18:07:45.108666', '2026-04-21 18:17:45.108666',
                   '2026-04-21 18:27:45.108666', '2026-04-21 18:37:45.108666',
                   '2026-04-21 18:47:45.108666', '2026-04-21 18:57:45.108666',
                   '2026-04-21 19:07:45.108666', '2026-04-21 19:17:45.108666',
                   '2026-04-21 19:27:45.108666', '2026-04-21 19:37:45.108666',
                   '2026-04-21 19:47:45.108666', '2026-04-21 19:57:45.108666',
                   '2026-04-21 20:07:45.108666'],
                  dtype='datetime64[ns]', name='time', freq='10min'))

• Attributes: (121)

  Conventions :

  CF-1.11, ACDD-1.3

  standard_name_vocabulary :

  CF Standard Name Table v85

  featureType :

  trajectory

  title :

  OpenDrift trajectory simulation

  summary :

  Output from simulation with OpenDrift framework

  keywords :

  trajectory, drift, lagrangian, simulation

  history :

  Created 2026-04-21 14:07:49.265332

  date_created :

  2026-04-21T14:07:49.265338

  source :

  Output from simulation with OpenDrift

  model_url :

  https://github.com/OpenDrift/opendrift

  opendrift_class :

  OceanDrift

  opendrift_module :

  opendrift.models.oceandrift

  readers :

  odict_keys(['global_landmask'])

  time_coverage_start :

  2026-04-21 14:07:45.108666

  time_step_calculation :

  0:10:00

  time_step_output :

  0:10:00

  config_environment:constant:x_sea_water_velocity :

  None

  config_environment:fallback:x_sea_water_velocity :

  0.1

  config_environment:constant:y_sea_water_velocity :

  None

  config_environment:fallback:y_sea_water_velocity :

  0

  config_environment:constant:sea_surface_height :

  None

  config_environment:fallback:sea_surface_height :

  0

  config_environment:constant:x_wind :

  None

  config_environment:fallback:x_wind :

  7.0

  config_environment:constant:y_wind :

  None

  config_environment:fallback:y_wind :

  0

  config_environment:constant:upward_sea_water_velocity :

  None

  config_environment:fallback:upward_sea_water_velocity :

  0

  config_environment:constant:ocean_vertical_diffusivity :

  None

  config_environment:fallback:ocean_vertical_diffusivity :

  0

  config_environment:constant:horizontal_diffusivity :

  None

  config_environment:fallback:horizontal_diffusivity :

  0

  config_environment:constant:sea_surface_wave_significant_height :

  None

  config_environment:fallback:sea_surface_wave_significant_height :

  2.0

  config_environment:constant:sea_surface_wave_stokes_drift_x_velocity :

  None

  config_environment:fallback:sea_surface_wave_stokes_drift_x_velocity :

  0.2

  config_environment:constant:sea_surface_wave_stokes_drift_y_velocity :

  None

  config_environment:fallback:sea_surface_wave_stokes_drift_y_velocity :

  0

  config_environment:constant:ocean_mixed_layer_thickness :

  None

  config_environment:fallback:ocean_mixed_layer_thickness :

  50

  config_environment:constant:sea_floor_depth_below_sea_level :

  None

  config_environment:fallback:sea_floor_depth_below_sea_level :

  10000

  config_environment:constant:land_binary_mask :

  None

  config_environment:fallback:land_binary_mask :

  None

  config_general:use_auto_landmask :

  True

  config_drift:current_uncertainty :

  0

  config_drift:current_uncertainty_uniform :

  0

  config_drift:max_speed :

  2.0

  config_readers:max_number_of_fails :

  1

  config_general:simulation_name :

  config_general:coastline_action :

  stranding

  config_general:coastline_approximation_precision :

  0.001

  config_general:time_step_minutes :

  60

  config_general:time_step_output_minutes :

  None

  config_seed:ocean_only :

  True

  config_seed:number :

  1

  config_drift:max_age_seconds :

  None

  config_drift:advection_scheme :

  euler

  config_drift:profiles_depth :

  50

  config_drift:wind_uncertainty :

  0

  config_drift:relative_wind :

  False

  config_drift:deactivate_north_of :

  None

  config_drift:deactivate_south_of :

  None

  config_drift:deactivate_east_of :

  None

  config_drift:deactivate_west_of :

  None

  config_seed:origin_marker :

  0

  config_seed:z :

  0

  config_seed:wind_drift_factor :

  0.02

  config_seed:current_drift_factor :

  1

  config_seed:terminal_velocity :

  0.0

  config_drift:vertical_advection :

  True

  config_drift:vertical_advection_at_surface :

  False

  config_drift:water_column_stretching :

  False

  config_drift:vertical_advection_correction :

  False

  config_drift:vertical_mixing :

  False

  config_drift:vertical_mixing_at_surface :

  False

  config_vertical_mixing:timestep :

  60

  config_vertical_mixing:diffusivitymodel :

  environment

  config_vertical_mixing:background_diffusivity :

  1.2e-05

  config_vertical_mixing:TSprofiles :

  False

  config_drift:wind_drift_depth :

  0.1

  config_drift:stokes_drift :

  True

  config_drift:stokes_drift_profile :

  Phillips

  config_drift:use_tabularised_stokes_drift :

  False

  config_drift:tabularised_stokes_drift_fetch :

  25000

  config_general:seafloor_action :

  lift_to_seafloor

  config_drift:truncate_ocean_model_below_m :

  None

  config_seed:seafloor :

  False

  opendrift_version :

  1.14.9

  seed_geojson :

  {"features": [], "type": "FeatureCollection"}

  simulation_time :

  2026-04-21 14:07:49.273266

  reader_x_sea_water_velocity :

  0.1

  reader_y_sea_water_velocity :

  0

  reader_sea_surface_height :

  0

  reader_x_wind :

  7.0

  reader_y_wind :

  0

  reader_upward_sea_water_velocity :

  0

  reader_horizontal_diffusivity :

  0

  reader_sea_surface_wave_significant_height :

  2.0

  reader_sea_surface_wave_stokes_drift_x_velocity :

  0.2

  reader_sea_surface_wave_stokes_drift_y_velocity :

  0

  reader_sea_floor_depth_below_sea_level :

  10000

  reader_land_binary_mask :

  ['global_landmask']

  time_coverage_end :

  2026-04-21 20:07:45.108666

  time_coverage_duration :

  P0DT6H0M0S

  time_coverage_resolution :

  P0DT0H10M0S

  performance :

  -------------------- Reader performance: -------------------- global_landmask 0:00:00.0 total 0:00:00.0 preparing 0:00:00.0 reading 0:00:00.0 masking -------------------- Performance: 4.9 total time 4.2 configuration 0.0 preparing main loop 0.0 moving elements to ocean 0.6 main loop 0.0 updating elements 0.0 cleaning up --------------------

  geospatial_bounds_crs :

  EPSG:4326

  geospatial_bounds_vertical_crs :

  EPSG:5831

  geospatial_lat_min :

  60.0

  geospatial_lat_max :

  60.0

  geospatial_lat_units :

  degrees_north

  geospatial_lat_resolution :

  point

  geospatial_lon_min :

  4.5

  geospatial_lon_max :

  4.6703224

  geospatial_lon_units :

  degrees_east

  geospatial_lon_resolution :

  point

  runtime :

  0:00:04.909259

  geospatial_vertical_min :

  -5.0

  geospatial_vertical_max :

  -0.0

  geospatial_vertical_positive :

  up

To check that z is really kept constant for all particles

o.plot_property('z')

Vertical profile of advection. Note the decaying importance of Stokes drift, and the additional windage of the element at surface

o.animation_profile()

14:07:50 INFO    opendrift:4768: Saving animation to /root/project/docs/source/gallery/animations/example_2d_0.gif...
14:07:56 INFO    opendrift:3407: Time to make animation: 0:00:05.792986