2D simulation profile

from datetime import datetime, timedelta
import numpy as np
from opendrift.models.oceandrift import OceanDrift

o = OceanDrift(loglevel=20)  # Set loglevel to 0 for debug information

10:42:09 INFO    opendrift:509: OpenDriftSimulation initialised (version 1.13.1 / v1.13.1-25-g5021161)

Define some constant current, wind and Stokes drift

o.set_config('environment:fallback:x_wind', 7)
o.set_config('environment:fallback:x_sea_water_velocity', .1)
o.set_config('environment:fallback:sea_surface_wave_stokes_drift_x_velocity', .2)
o.set_config('environment:fallback:sea_surface_wave_significant_height', 2)
o.set_config('environment:fallback:sea_surface_wave_period_at_variance_spectral_density_maximum', 8)

Seed elements between surface and 5m depth

time = datetime.utcnow()
z = -np.linspace(0, 5, 50)
o.seed_elements(lon=4.5, lat=60.0, z=z, radius=0, number=len(z), time=time)

10:42:09 INFO    opendrift.models.basemodel.environment:206: Adding a global landmask from GSHHG
10:42:14 INFO    opendrift.models.basemodel.environment:229: Fallback values will be used for the following variables which have no readers:
10:42:14 INFO    opendrift.models.basemodel.environment:232:    x_sea_water_velocity: 0.100000
10:42:14 INFO    opendrift.models.basemodel.environment:232:    y_sea_water_velocity: 0.000000
10:42:14 INFO    opendrift.models.basemodel.environment:232:    sea_surface_height: 0.000000
10:42:14 INFO    opendrift.models.basemodel.environment:232:    x_wind: 7.000000
10:42:14 INFO    opendrift.models.basemodel.environment:232:    y_wind: 0.000000
10:42:14 INFO    opendrift.models.basemodel.environment:232:    upward_sea_water_velocity: 0.000000
10:42:14 INFO    opendrift.models.basemodel.environment:232:    ocean_vertical_diffusivity: 0.000000
10:42:14 INFO    opendrift.models.basemodel.environment:232:    sea_surface_wave_significant_height: 2.000000
10:42:14 INFO    opendrift.models.basemodel.environment:232:    sea_surface_wave_stokes_drift_x_velocity: 0.200000
10:42:14 INFO    opendrift.models.basemodel.environment:232:    sea_surface_wave_stokes_drift_y_velocity: 0.000000
10:42:14 INFO    opendrift.models.basemodel.environment:232:    sea_surface_wave_period_at_variance_spectral_density_maximum: 8.000000
10:42:14 INFO    opendrift.models.basemodel.environment:232:    sea_surface_wave_mean_period_from_variance_spectral_density_second_frequency_moment: 0.000000
10:42:14 INFO    opendrift.models.basemodel.environment:232:    sea_surface_swell_wave_to_direction: 0.000000
10:42:14 INFO    opendrift.models.basemodel.environment:232:    sea_surface_swell_wave_peak_period_from_variance_spectral_density: 0.000000
10:42:14 INFO    opendrift.models.basemodel.environment:232:    sea_surface_swell_wave_significant_height: 0.000000
10:42:14 INFO    opendrift.models.basemodel.environment:232:    sea_surface_wind_wave_to_direction: 0.000000
10:42:14 INFO    opendrift.models.basemodel.environment:232:    sea_surface_wind_wave_mean_period: 0.000000
10:42:14 INFO    opendrift.models.basemodel.environment:232:    sea_surface_wind_wave_significant_height: 0.000000
10:42:14 INFO    opendrift.models.basemodel.environment:232:    surface_downward_x_stress: 0.000000
10:42:14 INFO    opendrift.models.basemodel.environment:232:    surface_downward_y_stress: 0.000000
10:42:14 INFO    opendrift.models.basemodel.environment:232:    turbulent_kinetic_energy: 0.000000
10:42:14 INFO    opendrift.models.basemodel.environment:232:    turbulent_generic_length_scale: 0.000000
10:42:14 INFO    opendrift.models.basemodel.environment:232:    ocean_mixed_layer_thickness: 50.000000
10:42:14 INFO    opendrift.models.basemodel.environment:232:    sea_floor_depth_below_sea_level: 10000.000000

Running model for 6 hours

o.run(duration=timedelta(hours=6), time_step=600)

10:42:14 INFO    opendrift:923: Using existing reader for land_binary_mask
10:42:14 INFO    opendrift:934: All points are in ocean
10:42:14 INFO    opendrift:2060: 2025-04-22 10:42:09.969253 - step 1 of 36 - 50 active elements (0 deactivated)
10:42:14 INFO    opendrift:2060: 2025-04-22 10:52:09.969253 - step 2 of 36 - 50 active elements (0 deactivated)
10:42:14 INFO    opendrift:2060: 2025-04-22 11:02:09.969253 - step 3 of 36 - 50 active elements (0 deactivated)
10:42:14 INFO    opendrift:2060: 2025-04-22 11:12:09.969253 - step 4 of 36 - 50 active elements (0 deactivated)
10:42:14 INFO    opendrift:2060: 2025-04-22 11:22:09.969253 - step 5 of 36 - 50 active elements (0 deactivated)
10:42:14 INFO    opendrift:2060: 2025-04-22 11:32:09.969253 - step 6 of 36 - 50 active elements (0 deactivated)
10:42:14 INFO    opendrift:2060: 2025-04-22 11:42:09.969253 - step 7 of 36 - 50 active elements (0 deactivated)
10:42:14 INFO    opendrift:2060: 2025-04-22 11:52:09.969253 - step 8 of 36 - 50 active elements (0 deactivated)
10:42:14 INFO    opendrift:2060: 2025-04-22 12:02:09.969253 - step 9 of 36 - 50 active elements (0 deactivated)
10:42:14 INFO    opendrift:2060: 2025-04-22 12:12:09.969253 - step 10 of 36 - 50 active elements (0 deactivated)
10:42:14 INFO    opendrift:2060: 2025-04-22 12:22:09.969253 - step 11 of 36 - 50 active elements (0 deactivated)
10:42:14 INFO    opendrift:2060: 2025-04-22 12:32:09.969253 - step 12 of 36 - 50 active elements (0 deactivated)
10:42:14 INFO    opendrift:2060: 2025-04-22 12:42:09.969253 - step 13 of 36 - 50 active elements (0 deactivated)
10:42:14 INFO    opendrift:2060: 2025-04-22 12:52:09.969253 - step 14 of 36 - 50 active elements (0 deactivated)
10:42:14 INFO    opendrift:2060: 2025-04-22 13:02:09.969253 - step 15 of 36 - 50 active elements (0 deactivated)
10:42:15 INFO    opendrift:2060: 2025-04-22 13:12:09.969253 - step 16 of 36 - 50 active elements (0 deactivated)
10:42:15 INFO    opendrift:2060: 2025-04-22 13:22:09.969253 - step 17 of 36 - 50 active elements (0 deactivated)
10:42:15 INFO    opendrift:2060: 2025-04-22 13:32:09.969253 - step 18 of 36 - 50 active elements (0 deactivated)
10:42:15 INFO    opendrift:2060: 2025-04-22 13:42:09.969253 - step 19 of 36 - 50 active elements (0 deactivated)
10:42:15 INFO    opendrift:2060: 2025-04-22 13:52:09.969253 - step 20 of 36 - 50 active elements (0 deactivated)
10:42:15 INFO    opendrift:2060: 2025-04-22 14:02:09.969253 - step 21 of 36 - 50 active elements (0 deactivated)
10:42:15 INFO    opendrift:2060: 2025-04-22 14:12:09.969253 - step 22 of 36 - 50 active elements (0 deactivated)
10:42:15 INFO    opendrift:2060: 2025-04-22 14:22:09.969253 - step 23 of 36 - 50 active elements (0 deactivated)
10:42:15 INFO    opendrift:2060: 2025-04-22 14:32:09.969253 - step 24 of 36 - 50 active elements (0 deactivated)
10:42:15 INFO    opendrift:2060: 2025-04-22 14:42:09.969253 - step 25 of 36 - 50 active elements (0 deactivated)
10:42:15 INFO    opendrift:2060: 2025-04-22 14:52:09.969253 - step 26 of 36 - 50 active elements (0 deactivated)
10:42:15 INFO    opendrift:2060: 2025-04-22 15:02:09.969253 - step 27 of 36 - 50 active elements (0 deactivated)
10:42:15 INFO    opendrift:2060: 2025-04-22 15:12:09.969253 - step 28 of 36 - 50 active elements (0 deactivated)
10:42:15 INFO    opendrift:2060: 2025-04-22 15:22:09.969253 - step 29 of 36 - 50 active elements (0 deactivated)
10:42:15 INFO    opendrift:2060: 2025-04-22 15:32:09.969253 - step 30 of 36 - 50 active elements (0 deactivated)
10:42:15 INFO    opendrift:2060: 2025-04-22 15:42:09.969253 - step 31 of 36 - 50 active elements (0 deactivated)
10:42:15 INFO    opendrift:2060: 2025-04-22 15:52:09.969253 - step 32 of 36 - 50 active elements (0 deactivated)
10:42:15 INFO    opendrift:2060: 2025-04-22 16:02:09.969253 - step 33 of 36 - 50 active elements (0 deactivated)
10:42:15 INFO    opendrift:2060: 2025-04-22 16:12:09.969253 - step 34 of 36 - 50 active elements (0 deactivated)
10:42:15 INFO    opendrift:2060: 2025-04-22 16:22:09.969253 - step 35 of 36 - 50 active elements (0 deactivated)
10:42:15 INFO    opendrift:2060: 2025-04-22 16:32:09.969253 - step 36 of 36 - 50 active elements (0 deactivated)

<xarray.Dataset> Size: 260kB
Dimensions:                                                                              (
                                                                                          trajectory: 50,
                                                                                          time: 37)
Coordinates:
  * trajectory                                                                           (trajectory) int64 400B ...
  * time                                                                                 (time) datetime64[ns] 296B ...
Data variables: (12/35)
    status                                                                               (trajectory, time) float32 7kB ...
    moving                                                                               (trajectory, time) float32 7kB ...
    age_seconds                                                                          (trajectory, time) float32 7kB ...
    origin_marker                                                                        (trajectory, time) float32 7kB ...
    lon                                                                                  (trajectory, time) float32 7kB ...
    lat                                                                                  (trajectory, time) float32 7kB ...
    ...                                                                                   ...
    surface_downward_y_stress                                                            (trajectory, time) float32 7kB ...
    turbulent_kinetic_energy                                                             (trajectory, time) float32 7kB ...
    turbulent_generic_length_scale                                                       (trajectory, time) float32 7kB ...
    ocean_mixed_layer_thickness                                                          (trajectory, time) float32 7kB ...
    sea_floor_depth_below_sea_level                                                      (trajectory, time) float32 7kB ...
    land_binary_mask                                                                     (trajectory, time) float32 7kB ...
Attributes: (12/153)
    Conventions:                                                             ...
    standard_name_vocabulary:                                                ...
    featureType:                                                             ...
    title:                                                                   ...
    summary:                                                                 ...
    keywords:                                                                ...
    ...                                                                                                               ...
    geospatial_lon_units:                                                    ...
    geospatial_lon_resolution:                                               ...
    runtime:                                                                 ...
    geospatial_vertical_min:                                                 ...
    geospatial_vertical_max:                                                 ...
    geospatial_vertical_positive:                                            ...

xarray.Dataset

• Dimensions:
  • trajectory: 50
  • time: 37
• Coordinates: (2)
  • trajectory
    (trajectory)
    int64
    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 ... 44 45 46 47 48 49

    cf_role :

    trajectory_id

    dtype :

    <class 'numpy.int32'>

    array([ 0,  1,  2,  3,  4,  5,  6,  7,  8,  9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17,
           18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35,
           36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49])

  • time
    (time)
    datetime64[ns]
    2025-04-22T10:42:09.969253 ... 2...

    standard_name :

    time

    long_name :

    time

    dtype :

    <class 'numpy.float64'>

    array(['2025-04-22T10:42:09.969253000', '2025-04-22T10:52:09.969253000',
           '2025-04-22T11:02:09.969253000', '2025-04-22T11:12:09.969253000',
           '2025-04-22T11:22:09.969253000', '2025-04-22T11:32:09.969253000',
           '2025-04-22T11:42:09.969253000', '2025-04-22T11:52:09.969253000',
           '2025-04-22T12:02:09.969253000', '2025-04-22T12:12:09.969253000',
           '2025-04-22T12:22:09.969253000', '2025-04-22T12:32:09.969253000',
           '2025-04-22T12:42:09.969253000', '2025-04-22T12:52:09.969253000',
           '2025-04-22T13:02:09.969253000', '2025-04-22T13:12:09.969253000',
           '2025-04-22T13:22:09.969253000', '2025-04-22T13:32:09.969253000',
           '2025-04-22T13:42:09.969253000', '2025-04-22T13:52:09.969253000',
           '2025-04-22T14:02:09.969253000', '2025-04-22T14:12:09.969253000',
           '2025-04-22T14:22:09.969253000', '2025-04-22T14:32:09.969253000',
           '2025-04-22T14:42:09.969253000', '2025-04-22T14:52:09.969253000',
           '2025-04-22T15:02:09.969253000', '2025-04-22T15:12:09.969253000',
           '2025-04-22T15:22:09.969253000', '2025-04-22T15:32:09.969253000',
           '2025-04-22T15:42:09.969253000', '2025-04-22T15:52:09.969253000',
           '2025-04-22T16:02:09.969253000', '2025-04-22T16:12:09.969253000',
           '2025-04-22T16:22:09.969253000', '2025-04-22T16:32:09.969253000',
           '2025-04-22T16:42:09.969253000'], dtype='datetime64[ns]')

• Data variables: (35)
  • status
    (trajectory, time)
    float32
    0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ... 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

    dtype :

    <class 'numpy.int32'>

    valid_range :

    [0 0]

    flag_values :

    [0]

    flag_meanings :

    active

    array([[0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
           [0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
           [0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
           ...,
           [0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
           [0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
           [0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.]], dtype=float32)

  • moving
    (trajectory, time)
    float32
    1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 ... 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

    dtype :

    <class 'numpy.int32'>

    minval :

    1

    maxval :

    1

    array([[1., 1., 1., ..., 1., 1., 1.],
           [1., 1., 1., ..., 1., 1., 1.],
           [1., 1., 1., ..., 1., 1., 1.],
           ...,
           [1., 1., 1., ..., 1., 1., 1.],
           [1., 1., 1., ..., 1., 1., 1.],
           [1., 1., 1., ..., 1., 1., 1.]], dtype=float32)

  • age_seconds
    (trajectory, time)
    float32
    0.0 600.0 ... 2.1e+04 2.16e+04

    dtype :

    <class 'numpy.float32'>

    units :

    s

    minval :

    0.0

    maxval :

    21600.0

    array([[    0.,   600.,  1200., ..., 20400., 21000., 21600.],
           [    0.,   600.,  1200., ..., 20400., 21000., 21600.],
           [    0.,   600.,  1200., ..., 20400., 21000., 21600.],
           ...,
           [    0.,   600.,  1200., ..., 20400., 21000., 21600.],
           [    0.,   600.,  1200., ..., 20400., 21000., 21600.],
           [    0.,   600.,  1200., ..., 20400., 21000., 21600.]],
          dtype=float32)

  • origin_marker
    (trajectory, time)
    float32
    0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ... 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

    dtype :

    <class 'numpy.int32'>

    unit :

    description :

    An integer kept constant during the simulation. Different values may be used for different seedings, to separate elements during analysis. With GUI, only a single seeding is possible.

    flag_values :

    [0]

    flag_meanings :

    Seed_0

    minval :

    0

    maxval :

    0

    array([[0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
           [0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
           [0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
           ...,
           [0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
           [0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
           [0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.]], dtype=float32)

  • lon
    (trajectory, time)
    float32
    4.5 4.505 4.509 ... 4.54 4.541

    dtype :

    <class 'numpy.float32'>

    units :

    degrees_east

    standard_name :

    longitude

    long_name :

    longitude

    axis :

    X

    minval :

    4.5

    maxval :

    4.6703224

    array([[4.5      , 4.504731 , 4.5094624, ..., 4.66086  , 4.6655912,
            4.6703224],
           [4.5      , 4.50259  , 4.505181 , ..., 4.5880733, 4.590664 ,
            4.593254 ],
           [4.5      , 4.50237  , 4.5047393, ..., 4.5805717, 4.582941 ,
            4.585311 ],
           ...,
           [4.5      , 4.5011516, 4.5023026, ..., 4.539145 , 4.5402966,
            4.5414476],
           [4.5      , 4.5011477, 4.5022955, ..., 4.5390234, 4.540171 ,
            4.541319 ],
           [4.5      , 4.5011444, 4.502289 , ..., 4.5389075, 4.540052 ,
            4.5411963]], dtype=float32)

  • lat
    (trajectory, time)
    float32
    60.0 60.0 60.0 ... 60.0 60.0 60.0

    dtype :

    <class 'numpy.float32'>

    units :

    degrees_north

    standard_name :

    latitude

    long_name :

    latitude

    axis :

    Y

    minval :

    60.0

    maxval :

    60.0

    array([[60., 60., 60., ..., 60., 60., 60.],
           [60., 60., 60., ..., 60., 60., 60.],
           [60., 60., 60., ..., 60., 60., 60.],
           ...,
           [60., 60., 60., ..., 60., 60., 60.],
           [60., 60., 60., ..., 60., 60., 60.],
           [60., 60., 60., ..., 60., 60., 60.]], dtype=float32)

  • z
    (trajectory, time)
    float32
    -0.0 -0.0 -0.0 ... -5.0 -5.0 -5.0

    dtype :

    <class 'numpy.float32'>

    units :

    m

    standard_name :

    z

    long_name :

    vertical position

    axis :

    Z

    positive :

    up

    minval :

    -5.0

    maxval :

    -0.0

    array([[-0.        , -0.        , -0.        , ..., -0.        ,
            -0.        , -0.        ],
           [-0.10204082, -0.10204082, -0.10204082, ..., -0.10204082,
            -0.10204082, -0.10204082],
           [-0.20408164, -0.20408164, -0.20408164, ..., -0.20408164,
            -0.20408164, -0.20408164],
           ...,
           [-4.7959185 , -4.7959185 , -4.7959185 , ..., -4.7959185 ,
            -4.7959185 , -4.7959185 ],
           [-4.897959  , -4.897959  , -4.897959  , ..., -4.897959  ,
            -4.897959  , -4.897959  ],
           [-5.        , -5.        , -5.        , ..., -5.        ,
            -5.        , -5.        ]], dtype=float32)

  • wind_drift_factor
    (trajectory, time)
    float32
    0.02 0.02 0.02 ... 0.02 0.02 0.02

    dtype :

    <class 'numpy.float32'>

    units :

    1

    description :

    Elements at surface are moved with this fraction of the vind vector, in addition to currents and Stokes drift

    minval :

    0.02

    maxval :

    0.02

    array([[0.02, 0.02, 0.02, ..., 0.02, 0.02, 0.02],
           [0.02, 0.02, 0.02, ..., 0.02, 0.02, 0.02],
           [0.02, 0.02, 0.02, ..., 0.02, 0.02, 0.02],
           ...,
           [0.02, 0.02, 0.02, ..., 0.02, 0.02, 0.02],
           [0.02, 0.02, 0.02, ..., 0.02, 0.02, 0.02],
           [0.02, 0.02, 0.02, ..., 0.02, 0.02, 0.02]], dtype=float32)

  • current_drift_factor
    (trajectory, time)
    float32
    1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 ... 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

    dtype :

    <class 'numpy.float32'>

    units :

    1

    description :

    Elements are moved with this fraction of the current vector, in addition to currents and Stokes drift

    minval :

    1.0

    maxval :

    1.0

    array([[1., 1., 1., ..., 1., 1., 1.],
           [1., 1., 1., ..., 1., 1., 1.],
           [1., 1., 1., ..., 1., 1., 1.],
           ...,
           [1., 1., 1., ..., 1., 1., 1.],
           [1., 1., 1., ..., 1., 1., 1.],
           [1., 1., 1., ..., 1., 1., 1.]], dtype=float32)

  • terminal_velocity
    (trajectory, time)
    float32
    0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ... 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

    dtype :

    <class 'numpy.float32'>

    units :

    m/s

    description :

    Terminal rise/sinking velocity (buoyancy) in the ocean column

    minval :

    0.0

    maxval :

    0.0

    array([[0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
           [0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
           [0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
           ...,
           [0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
           [0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
           [0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.]], dtype=float32)

  • x_sea_water_velocity
    (trajectory, time)
    float32
    0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 ... 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1

    minval :

    0.1

    maxval :

    0.1

    array([[0.1, 0.1, 0.1, ..., 0.1, 0.1, 0.1],
           [0.1, 0.1, 0.1, ..., 0.1, 0.1, 0.1],
           [0.1, 0.1, 0.1, ..., 0.1, 0.1, 0.1],
           ...,
           [0.1, 0.1, 0.1, ..., 0.1, 0.1, 0.1],
           [0.1, 0.1, 0.1, ..., 0.1, 0.1, 0.1],
           [0.1, 0.1, 0.1, ..., 0.1, 0.1, 0.1]], dtype=float32)

  • y_sea_water_velocity
    (trajectory, time)
    float32
    0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ... 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

    minval :

    0.0

    maxval :

    0.0

    array([[0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
           [0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
           [0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
           ...,
           [0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
           [0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
           [0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.]], dtype=float32)

  • sea_surface_height
    (trajectory, time)
    float32
    0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ... 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

    minval :

    0.0

    maxval :

    0.0

    array([[0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
           [0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
           [0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
           ...,
           [0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
           [0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
           [0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.]], dtype=float32)

  • x_wind
    (trajectory, time)
    float32
    7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 ... 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0

    minval :

    7.0

    maxval :

    7.0

    array([[7., 7., 7., ..., 7., 7., 7.],
           [7., 7., 7., ..., 7., 7., 7.],
           [7., 7., 7., ..., 7., 7., 7.],
           ...,
           [7., 7., 7., ..., 7., 7., 7.],
           [7., 7., 7., ..., 7., 7., 7.],
           [7., 7., 7., ..., 7., 7., 7.]], dtype=float32)

  • y_wind
    (trajectory, time)
    float32
    0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ... 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

    minval :

    0.0

    maxval :

    0.0

    array([[0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
           [0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
           [0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
           ...,
           [0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
           [0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
           [0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.]], dtype=float32)

  • upward_sea_water_velocity
    (trajectory, time)
    float32
    0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ... 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

    minval :

    0.0

    maxval :

    0.0

    array([[0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
           [0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
           [0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
           ...,
           [0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
           [0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
           [0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.]], dtype=float32)

  • ocean_vertical_diffusivity
    (trajectory, time)
    float32
    0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ... 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

    minval :

    0.0

    maxval :

    0.0

    array([[0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
           [0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
           [0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
           ...,
           [0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
           [0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
           [0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.]], dtype=float32)

  • sea_surface_wave_significant_height
    (trajectory, time)
    float32
    2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 ... 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0

    minval :

    2.0

    maxval :

    2.0

    array([[2., 2., 2., ..., 2., 2., 2.],
           [2., 2., 2., ..., 2., 2., 2.],
           [2., 2., 2., ..., 2., 2., 2.],
           ...,
           [2., 2., 2., ..., 2., 2., 2.],
           [2., 2., 2., ..., 2., 2., 2.],
           [2., 2., 2., ..., 2., 2., 2.]], dtype=float32)

  • sea_surface_wave_stokes_drift_x_velocity
    (trajectory, time)
    float32
    0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 ... 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

    minval :

    0.2

    maxval :

    0.2

    array([[0.2, 0.2, 0.2, ..., 0.2, 0.2, 0.2],
           [0.2, 0.2, 0.2, ..., 0.2, 0.2, 0.2],
           [0.2, 0.2, 0.2, ..., 0.2, 0.2, 0.2],
           ...,
           [0.2, 0.2, 0.2, ..., 0.2, 0.2, 0.2],
           [0.2, 0.2, 0.2, ..., 0.2, 0.2, 0.2],
           [0.2, 0.2, 0.2, ..., 0.2, 0.2, 0.2]], dtype=float32)

  • sea_surface_wave_stokes_drift_y_velocity
    (trajectory, time)
    float32
    0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ... 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

    minval :

    0.0

    maxval :

    0.0

    array([[0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
           [0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
           [0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
           ...,
           [0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
           [0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
           [0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.]], dtype=float32)

  • sea_surface_wave_period_at_variance_spectral_density_maximum
    (trajectory, time)
    float32
    8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 ... 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0

    minval :

    8.0

    maxval :

    8.0

    array([[8., 8., 8., ..., 8., 8., 8.],
           [8., 8., 8., ..., 8., 8., 8.],
           [8., 8., 8., ..., 8., 8., 8.],
           ...,
           [8., 8., 8., ..., 8., 8., 8.],
           [8., 8., 8., ..., 8., 8., 8.],
           [8., 8., 8., ..., 8., 8., 8.]], dtype=float32)

  • sea_surface_wave_mean_period_from_variance_spectral_density_second_frequency_moment
    (trajectory, time)
    float32
    0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ... 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

    minval :

    0.0

    maxval :

    0.0

    array([[0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
           [0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
           [0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
           ...,
           [0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
           [0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
           [0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.]], dtype=float32)

  • sea_surface_swell_wave_to_direction
    (trajectory, time)
    float32
    0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ... 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

    minval :

    0.0

    maxval :

    0.0

    array([[0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
           [0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
           [0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
           ...,
           [0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
           [0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
           [0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.]], dtype=float32)

  • sea_surface_swell_wave_peak_period_from_variance_spectral_density
    (trajectory, time)
    float32
    0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ... 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

    minval :

    0.0

    maxval :

    0.0

    array([[0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
           [0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
           [0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
           ...,
           [0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
           [0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
           [0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.]], dtype=float32)

  • sea_surface_swell_wave_significant_height
    (trajectory, time)
    float32
    0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ... 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

    minval :

    0.0

    maxval :

    0.0

    array([[0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
           [0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
           [0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
           ...,
           [0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
           [0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
           [0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.]], dtype=float32)

  • sea_surface_wind_wave_to_direction
    (trajectory, time)
    float32
    0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ... 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

    minval :

    0.0

    maxval :

    0.0

    array([[0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
           [0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
           [0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
           ...,
           [0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
           [0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
           [0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.]], dtype=float32)

  • sea_surface_wind_wave_mean_period
    (trajectory, time)
    float32
    0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ... 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

    minval :

    0.0

    maxval :

    0.0

    array([[0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
           [0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
           [0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
           ...,
           [0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
           [0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
           [0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.]], dtype=float32)

  • sea_surface_wind_wave_significant_height
    (trajectory, time)
    float32
    0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ... 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

    minval :

    0.0

    maxval :

    0.0

    array([[0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
           [0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
           [0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
           ...,
           [0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
           [0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
           [0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.]], dtype=float32)

  • surface_downward_x_stress
    (trajectory, time)
    float32
    0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ... 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

    minval :

    0.0

    maxval :

    0.0

    array([[0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
           [0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
           [0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
           ...,
           [0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
           [0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
           [0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.]], dtype=float32)

  • surface_downward_y_stress
    (trajectory, time)
    float32
    0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ... 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

    minval :

    0.0

    maxval :

    0.0

    array([[0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
           [0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
           [0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
           ...,
           [0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
           [0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
           [0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.]], dtype=float32)

  • turbulent_kinetic_energy
    (trajectory, time)
    float32
    0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ... 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

    minval :

    0.0

    maxval :

    0.0

    array([[0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
           [0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
           [0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
           ...,
           [0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
           [0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
           [0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.]], dtype=float32)

  • turbulent_generic_length_scale
    (trajectory, time)
    float32
    0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ... 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

    minval :

    0.0

    maxval :

    0.0

    array([[0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
           [0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
           [0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
           ...,
           [0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
           [0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
           [0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.]], dtype=float32)

  • ocean_mixed_layer_thickness
    (trajectory, time)
    float32
    50.0 50.0 50.0 ... 50.0 50.0 50.0

    minval :

    50.0

    maxval :

    50.0

    array([[50., 50., 50., ..., 50., 50., 50.],
           [50., 50., 50., ..., 50., 50., 50.],
           [50., 50., 50., ..., 50., 50., 50.],
           ...,
           [50., 50., 50., ..., 50., 50., 50.],
           [50., 50., 50., ..., 50., 50., 50.],
           [50., 50., 50., ..., 50., 50., 50.]], dtype=float32)

  • sea_floor_depth_below_sea_level
    (trajectory, time)
    float32
    1e+04 1e+04 1e+04 ... 1e+04 1e+04

    minval :

    10000.0

    maxval :

    10000.0

    array([[10000., 10000., 10000., ..., 10000., 10000., 10000.],
           [10000., 10000., 10000., ..., 10000., 10000., 10000.],
           [10000., 10000., 10000., ..., 10000., 10000., 10000.],
           ...,
           [10000., 10000., 10000., ..., 10000., 10000., 10000.],
           [10000., 10000., 10000., ..., 10000., 10000., 10000.],
           [10000., 10000., 10000., ..., 10000., 10000., 10000.]],
          dtype=float32)

  • land_binary_mask
    (trajectory, time)
    float32
    0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ... 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

    minval :

    0.0

    maxval :

    0.0

    array([[0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
           [0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
           [0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
           ...,
           [0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
           [0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
           [0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.]], dtype=float32)

• Indexes: (2)
  • trajectory
    PandasIndex

    PandasIndex(Index([ 0,  1,  2,  3,  4,  5,  6,  7,  8,  9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17,
           18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35,
           36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49],
          dtype='int64', name='trajectory'))

  • time
    PandasIndex

    PandasIndex(DatetimeIndex(['2025-04-22 10:42:09.969253', '2025-04-22 10:52:09.969253',
                   '2025-04-22 11:02:09.969253', '2025-04-22 11:12:09.969253',
                   '2025-04-22 11:22:09.969253', '2025-04-22 11:32:09.969253',
                   '2025-04-22 11:42:09.969253', '2025-04-22 11:52:09.969253',
                   '2025-04-22 12:02:09.969253', '2025-04-22 12:12:09.969253',
                   '2025-04-22 12:22:09.969253', '2025-04-22 12:32:09.969253',
                   '2025-04-22 12:42:09.969253', '2025-04-22 12:52:09.969253',
                   '2025-04-22 13:02:09.969253', '2025-04-22 13:12:09.969253',
                   '2025-04-22 13:22:09.969253', '2025-04-22 13:32:09.969253',
                   '2025-04-22 13:42:09.969253', '2025-04-22 13:52:09.969253',
                   '2025-04-22 14:02:09.969253', '2025-04-22 14:12:09.969253',
                   '2025-04-22 14:22:09.969253', '2025-04-22 14:32:09.969253',
                   '2025-04-22 14:42:09.969253', '2025-04-22 14:52:09.969253',
                   '2025-04-22 15:02:09.969253', '2025-04-22 15:12:09.969253',
                   '2025-04-22 15:22:09.969253', '2025-04-22 15:32:09.969253',
                   '2025-04-22 15:42:09.969253', '2025-04-22 15:52:09.969253',
                   '2025-04-22 16:02:09.969253', '2025-04-22 16:12:09.969253',
                   '2025-04-22 16:22:09.969253', '2025-04-22 16:32:09.969253',
                   '2025-04-22 16:42:09.969253'],
                  dtype='datetime64[ns]', name='time', freq='10min'))

• Attributes: (153)

  Conventions :

  CF-1.11, ACDD-1.3

  standard_name_vocabulary :

  CF Standard Name Table v85

  featureType :

  trajectory

  title :

  OpenDrift trajectory simulation

  summary :

  Output from simulation with OpenDrift framework

  keywords :

  trajectory, drift, lagrangian, simulation

  history :

  Created 2025-04-22 10:42:14.446138

  date_created :

  2025-04-22T10:42:14.446152

  source :

  Output from simulation with OpenDrift

  model_url :

  https://github.com/OpenDrift/opendrift

  opendrift_class :

  OceanDrift

  opendrift_module :

  opendrift.models.oceandrift

  readers :

  odict_keys(['global_landmask'])

  time_coverage_start :

  2025-04-22 10:42:09.969253

  time_step_calculation :

  0:10:00

  time_step_output :

  0:10:00

  config_environment:constant:x_sea_water_velocity :

  None

  config_environment:fallback:x_sea_water_velocity :

  0.1

  config_environment:constant:y_sea_water_velocity :

  None

  config_environment:fallback:y_sea_water_velocity :

  0

  config_environment:constant:sea_surface_height :

  None

  config_environment:fallback:sea_surface_height :

  0

  config_environment:constant:x_wind :

  None

  config_environment:fallback:x_wind :

  7.0

  config_environment:constant:y_wind :

  None

  config_environment:fallback:y_wind :

  0

  config_environment:constant:upward_sea_water_velocity :

  None

  config_environment:fallback:upward_sea_water_velocity :

  0

  config_environment:constant:ocean_vertical_diffusivity :

  None

  config_environment:fallback:ocean_vertical_diffusivity :

  0

  config_environment:constant:sea_surface_wave_significant_height :

  None

  config_environment:fallback:sea_surface_wave_significant_height :

  2.0

  config_environment:constant:sea_surface_wave_stokes_drift_x_velocity :

  None

  config_environment:fallback:sea_surface_wave_stokes_drift_x_velocity :

  0.2

  config_environment:constant:sea_surface_wave_stokes_drift_y_velocity :

  None

  config_environment:fallback:sea_surface_wave_stokes_drift_y_velocity :

  0

  config_environment:constant:sea_surface_wave_period_at_variance_spectral_density_maximum :

  None

  config_environment:fallback:sea_surface_wave_period_at_variance_spectral_density_maximum :

  8.0

  config_environment:constant:sea_surface_wave_mean_period_from_variance_spectral_density_second_frequency_moment :

  None

  config_environment:fallback:sea_surface_wave_mean_period_from_variance_spectral_density_second_frequency_moment :

  0

  config_environment:constant:sea_surface_swell_wave_to_direction :

  None

  config_environment:fallback:sea_surface_swell_wave_to_direction :

  0

  config_environment:constant:sea_surface_swell_wave_peak_period_from_variance_spectral_density :

  None

  config_environment:fallback:sea_surface_swell_wave_peak_period_from_variance_spectral_density :

  0

  config_environment:constant:sea_surface_swell_wave_significant_height :

  None

  config_environment:fallback:sea_surface_swell_wave_significant_height :

  0

  config_environment:constant:sea_surface_wind_wave_to_direction :

  None

  config_environment:fallback:sea_surface_wind_wave_to_direction :

  0

  config_environment:constant:sea_surface_wind_wave_mean_period :

  None

  config_environment:fallback:sea_surface_wind_wave_mean_period :

  0

  config_environment:constant:sea_surface_wind_wave_significant_height :

  None

  config_environment:fallback:sea_surface_wind_wave_significant_height :

  0

  config_environment:constant:surface_downward_x_stress :

  None

  config_environment:fallback:surface_downward_x_stress :

  0

  config_environment:constant:surface_downward_y_stress :

  None

  config_environment:fallback:surface_downward_y_stress :

  0

  config_environment:constant:turbulent_kinetic_energy :

  None

  config_environment:fallback:turbulent_kinetic_energy :

  0

  config_environment:constant:turbulent_generic_length_scale :

  None

  config_environment:fallback:turbulent_generic_length_scale :

  0

  config_environment:constant:ocean_mixed_layer_thickness :

  None

  config_environment:fallback:ocean_mixed_layer_thickness :

  50

  config_environment:constant:sea_floor_depth_below_sea_level :

  None

  config_environment:fallback:sea_floor_depth_below_sea_level :

  10000

  config_environment:constant:land_binary_mask :

  None

  config_environment:fallback:land_binary_mask :

  None

  config_general:use_auto_landmask :

  True

  config_drift:current_uncertainty :

  0

  config_drift:current_uncertainty_uniform :

  0

  config_drift:max_speed :

  2.0

  config_readers:max_number_of_fails :

  1

  config_general:simulation_name :

  config_general:coastline_action :

  stranding

  config_general:coastline_approximation_precision :

  0.001

  config_general:time_step_minutes :

  60

  config_general:time_step_output_minutes :

  None

  config_seed:ocean_only :

  True

  config_seed:number :

  1

  config_drift:max_age_seconds :

  None

  config_drift:advection_scheme :

  euler

  config_drift:horizontal_diffusivity :

  0

  config_drift:profiles_depth :

  50

  config_drift:wind_uncertainty :

  0

  config_drift:relative_wind :

  False

  config_drift:deactivate_north_of :

  None

  config_drift:deactivate_south_of :

  None

  config_drift:deactivate_east_of :

  None

  config_drift:deactivate_west_of :

  None

  config_seed:origin_marker :

  0

  config_seed:z :

  0

  config_seed:wind_drift_factor :

  0.02

  config_seed:current_drift_factor :

  1

  config_seed:terminal_velocity :

  0.0

  config_drift:vertical_advection :

  True

  config_drift:vertical_mixing :

  False

  config_vertical_mixing:timestep :

  60

  config_vertical_mixing:diffusivitymodel :

  environment

  config_vertical_mixing:background_diffusivity :

  1.2e-05

  config_vertical_mixing:TSprofiles :

  False

  config_drift:wind_drift_depth :

  0.1

  config_drift:stokes_drift :

  True

  config_drift:stokes_drift_profile :

  Phillips

  config_drift:use_tabularised_stokes_drift :

  False

  config_drift:tabularised_stokes_drift_fetch :

  25000

  config_general:seafloor_action :

  lift_to_seafloor

  config_drift:truncate_ocean_model_below_m :

  None

  config_seed:seafloor :

  False

  opendrift_version :

  1.13.1

  seed_geojson :

  {"features": [], "type": "FeatureCollection"}

  simulation_time :

  2025-04-22 10:42:14.569868

  reader_x_sea_water_velocity :

  0.1

  reader_y_sea_water_velocity :

  0

  reader_sea_surface_height :

  0

  reader_x_wind :

  7.0

  reader_y_wind :

  0

  reader_upward_sea_water_velocity :

  0

  reader_ocean_vertical_diffusivity :

  0

  reader_sea_surface_wave_significant_height :

  2.0

  reader_sea_surface_wave_stokes_drift_x_velocity :

  0.2

  reader_sea_surface_wave_stokes_drift_y_velocity :

  0

  reader_sea_surface_wave_period_at_variance_spectral_density_maximum :

  8.0

  reader_sea_surface_wave_mean_period_from_variance_spectral_density_second_frequency_moment :

  0

  reader_sea_surface_swell_wave_to_direction :

  0

  reader_sea_surface_swell_wave_peak_period_from_variance_spectral_density :

  0

  reader_sea_surface_swell_wave_significant_height :

  0

  reader_sea_surface_wind_wave_to_direction :

  0

  reader_sea_surface_wind_wave_mean_period :

  0

  reader_sea_surface_wind_wave_significant_height :

  0

  reader_surface_downward_x_stress :

  0

  reader_surface_downward_y_stress :

  0

  reader_turbulent_kinetic_energy :

  0

  reader_turbulent_generic_length_scale :

  0

  reader_ocean_mixed_layer_thickness :

  50

  reader_sea_floor_depth_below_sea_level :

  10000

  reader_land_binary_mask :

  ['global_landmask']

  time_coverage_end :

  2025-04-22 16:42:09.969253

  time_coverage_duration :

  P0DT6H0M0S

  time_coverage_resolution :

  P0DT0H10M0S

  performance :

  -------------------- Reader performance: -------------------- global_landmask 0:00:00.0 total 0:00:00.0 preparing 0:00:00.0 reading 0:00:00.0 masking -------------------- Performance: 5.9 total time 4.7 configuration 0.1 preparing main loop 0.0 moving elements to ocean 1.1 main loop 0.0 updating elements 0.0 cleaning up --------------------

  geospatial_bounds_crs :

  EPSG:4326

  geospatial_bounds_vertical_crs :

  EPSG:5831

  geospatial_lat_min :

  60.0

  geospatial_lat_max :

  60.0

  geospatial_lat_units :

  degrees_north

  geospatial_lat_resolution :

  point

  geospatial_lon_min :

  4.5

  geospatial_lon_max :

  4.6703224

  geospatial_lon_units :

  degrees_east

  geospatial_lon_resolution :

  point

  runtime :

  0:00:05.970241

  geospatial_vertical_min :

  -5.0

  geospatial_vertical_max :

  -0.0

  geospatial_vertical_positive :

  up

To check that z is really kept constant for all particles

o.plot_property('z')

Vertical profile of advection. Note the decaying importance of Stokes drift, and the additional windage of the element at surface

o.animation_profile()

10:42:16 INFO    opendrift:4607: Saving animation to /root/project/docs/source/gallery/animations/example_2d_0.gif...
10:42:20 INFO    opendrift:3253: Time to make animation: 0:00:04.335790